FFM2 - Mini I Flashcards
1
Q
Pharmacology
A
Study of substances that will interact with living systems via chemical processes
2
Q
Drug
A
Molecule that will bind to target to exert effect
3
Q
Prototype drug
A
First form of a drug/medication
Is used to formulate alternative forms
4
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
What body does to drug
5
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
What drug does to body
6
Q
Toxicology
A
Science of adverse effects of chemicals on body
7
Q
Pharmacogenetics
A
Relationship between persons genetic makeup and response to specific drugs
8
Q
What is main item that NBME tests on for medication names?
A
Generic names of medications
9
Q
Mechanism of action
A
How drug works to produce change in body
10
Q
Pharmacologic drug action
A
Consequences of drug-receptor combination
11
Q
Pharmacologic effect
A
Results of drug action
Consequences of drugs own actions
12
Q
Precaution
A
Used when medication use should be used with care and careful monitoring of patient
13
Q
Contraindication
A
Specific circumstance where medication should NOT be used
14
Q
Relative Contraindication
A
Caution needs to be used when 2 meds used together
Benefits outweigh risks
15
Q
Absolute contraindication
A
Substance can cause life-threatening and should be avoided
16
Q
Black box warning
A
Serious/life threatening risks associated with
Most serious medication warning from FDA
17
Q
Therapeutic effect
A
Beneficial consequence of treatment
18
Q
Adverse event
A
Harmful/abnormal result form medication
19
Q
Pregnancy Risk Catagories
A
A
B
C
D
X
20
Q
Which pregnancy risk catagories are adverse?
A
C
D
X
21
Q
Affinity
A
Strength of interaction between drug and target
22
Q
Potency
A
Amount of drug necessary to produce effect
23
Q
EC50
A
Concentration drug needed to produce 50% of max effect
24
Q
Efficacy
A
Largest effect achieved with drug, regardless of dosage
25
Agonist
Bind to receptor
Produce normal response
26
Antagonist
Bind to receptor
Compete and prevent binding by other molecules
Will block actions OF agonist
27
Full Agonist
Complete 100% activation of receptor
28
Partial agonist
Binding to receptor results in >0% but < 100% of activation even with high concentrations
29
Inverse agonist
Bind to receptor and will produce a response BELOW baseline response
Decreased concentration of drug
30
Competitive antagonist
Bind to same site
Lowers efficacy of medication
Decreases EC50 of medication
31
Noncompetitive anatgonist
Bind covalently to receptor
Permanent reduction of # of receptors
Irreversible
EC50 remains same; efficacy decreases
32
Selectivity
Degree to which drug acts on given site relative to other sites
33
Nonselective drug
Affects many different tissues producing range of effects
34
Selective drug
Affects single organ/system
35
Local effects of medication
Application to site of action
36
Systemic effects
Drug enters circulation and transported to cellular site of action
37
Routes of Administration:
Enteral
Oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal
38
Routes of Administration:
Paraenteral
IV/IA
IM
SubQ
Intradermal
39
Routes of Administration:
Other types
Oral inhalation
Intrathecal/intraventricular
Topical
Transdermal
Vaginal
Urethral
40
Absorption
Entering blood stream from site of administration
41
Distribution
Process which drug reversibly leave bloodstream and enters ECF and tissues
42
Metabolism
Biochemical changes to medication to facilitate elimination from body
43
Elimination
Irreversible removal of medication from body
Renal most common
44
Bioavailability
Extent to which medication reaches systemic circulation
45
Factors affecting Absorption
ph changes
Blood low
Presence/absence of transporters
First pass effect (Liver/GI metabolism)
Drug formulation
46
Factors affecting Distribution
CO and Blood flow
Permeability of capillaries
Degree of binding of drug to proteins in blood/tissue
Lipophilicity of medication
MW
47
Central compartment of body
Highly perfused organs
Heart/Liver/Kidneys
48
Peripheral compartment of body
Fat tissues
Muscle tissues
CSF
49
Instantaneous distribution within body
One-compartment
All fluids/tissues considered part of compartment
50
Delayed distribution within body
Some areas get medication faster than others...
Two-compartments
Distribution into high vascular organs then everywhere else more slowly
51
Metabolism of meds in 3 ways
1)
2)
3)
1) Active med to inactive med
2) Active med to active metabolite
3) Inactive med to active med
52
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
Fluid volume required to contain entire drug in body at same concentration as measured in plasma
53
Equation for Vd
Dose of drug/drug concentration
54
Factors affecting Vd
Drug MW
Lipophilic or hydrophilic
Ionization at pH
Protein binding
Disease states
55
Half Life (T1/2)
Time it takes to reduce plasma concentration by 1/2
56
Clearance (CL)
Volume of blood from which drug is cleared per unit of time
57
Equation of CL
CL(total) = CL(hepatic) + CL(renal) + CL (other)
58
Clearance is dependent on...
Half Life - t1/2
Volume of Distribution - Vd
59
Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Inducers (8)
1) Carbamazepine
2) Chronic alcohol abuse
3) Modofinil
4) Nevirapine
5) Phenobarbital
6) Phenytoin
7) Rifampin
8) St Johns Wort
60
Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Substrates (5)
1) Anto-epileptics
2) Oral contraceptives
3) Statins (EXCEPT FOR pravastatin)
4) Theophylline
5) Warfarin
61
Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Inhibitors (16)
1) Acute alcohol overdose
2) Acetomenophen
3) Amniodarone
4) Chloramphenicol
5) Cimitidine
6) Clarithromycin
7) Erythromycin
8) Fluconazole
9) Grapefruit juice
10) Isoniazid
11) Ketoconazole
12) NSAID's
13) Omeprazole
14) Ritonavir
15) Sulfonamides
16) Valporic Acid
62
Types of Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
63
Characteristics of Epithelium
Avascular
Packed cells with shape/arrangement associated with function
64
Cell characteristics of epithelium
Arranged as sheets or masses
Close to one another
Have intercellular junctions
Polarized
Rest on basal lamina
65
Polarization in epithelium
Distinct surface domains
Apical, Lateral and basal surfaces
66
Classification of cells:
1)
2)
Arrangement
Shape
67
Examples of Arrangement for cells
Simple
Stratified
68
Examples of Shape of cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
69
Features of Simple Squamous cells
Width greater than height
One cell layer thick
Nucleus protrudes into lumen
70
Location of Simple Squamous cells
Lining of BV and Lymphatic vessels
Wall of Bowmans capsule
Covering of mesentery
Lining of respiratory spaces/alveoli in lungs
71
Function of Simple Squamous cells
Diffusion
Transportation in/out of lumen
72
Special terminology for certain simple squamous epithelia
Endothelium
Mesothelium
73
Endothelium
Simple Squamous cells lining blood vessels, lymph vessels, lining of heart (atria/ventricles)
74
Mesothelium
Simple Squamous cells lining walls and covering contents of body cavities (C/A/P)
75
Features of Simple Cuboidal cells
Width, depth and height all similar
One cell layer
Centrally located nuclei
76
Location of Simple Cuboidal cells
Wall of thyroid follicle
Walls of kidney tubules (DCT)
Surface of ovary (germinal epithelium)
Interior surface of tympanic membrane
77
Function of Simple Cuboidal cells
Absorption
Secretion
Conduction involving different metabolic processes
78
Features of Simple Columnar cells
Height greater than width
One cell layer
Nuclei seen near basement membrane
79
Location of Simple Columnar cells
Intestinal tract (stomach to rectum)
Gallbladder
Uterus/cervix
Kidney collecting ducts (lower portion of)
Inner ear
Larger glands and ducts
80
Function of Simple Columnar cells
Protection
Lubrication
Absorption
Secretion
Conduction involving different metabolic processes
81
Features of Stratified Squamous cells
Multilayered
Superficial layer is squamous
Can be keratinzied/nonkeratinized
82
Location of Stratified Squamous cells
Epidermis (K)
Lining of oral cavity (NK)
Lips
Lining of esophagus (NK)
Lining of vagina (NK)
83
Functions of Stratified Squamous cells
Barrier
Protection
84
Keratinized Stratified Squamous cells seen...
Dry environment
85
Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous cells seen...
Wet environment
86
Features of Stratified Cuboidal cells
Multilayered
87
Location of Stratified Cuboidal cells
Ducts of sweat glands
Larger ducts of exocrine glands
Anal canal
88
Functions of Stratified Cuboidal cells
Barrier
Conduit
89
Features of Stratified Columnar cells
Multilayered
Basal layer appears cuboidal
Superficial layer appears columnar
90
Location of Stratified Columnar cells
Largest ducts of exocrine glands
Anal canal
Conjunctiva of eye
Male urethra
Submandibular salivary gland
91
Function of Stratified Columnar cells
Barrier
Conduit
92
Features of Transitional Epithelium
Stratified
Upper cells domed shaped
Some cells are binucleated
Apical surface will stain more pink due to actin filaments
93
Location of Transitional Epithelium
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Renal calyces
Urethra
94
Function of Transitional Epithelium
Accommodation of distention
95
Another name for Transitional Epithelium
Urothelium
96
Features of Pseudostratified Epithelium
Appearance of being stratified but is NOT
Some cells do not reach free surface
Nuclei located at different distances from basal lamina
All cells rest on basement membrane
97
Location of Pseudostratified Epithelium
Upper Respiratory Tract
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Middle Ear
98
Special features usually seen with Pseudostratified epithelium
Ciliated or Stereocilia
Goblet cells
99
Features of Basal Lamina
Acellular
Attachment site
Components synthesized and secreted by epithelial cells
Seen with PAS and Silver salts
100
Layers of Basal Lamina
1) Lamina Densa
2) Lamina Lucida
101
Features of Lamina Densa
Network of fine filaments
102
Features of Lamina Lucida
Clear space between base of cell and Lamina Densa
Cause by artifact
103
Functions of Basal Lamina
1)
2)
3)
Structure Attachement
Compartmentalization
Filtration
104
Function of Basal Lamina:
Attachement
Connection of epithelial cells to connective tissue
105
Function of Basal Lamina:
Compartmentalization
Separates connective tissue FROM nervous, epithelial, and muscular tissue
106
Function of Basal Lamina:
Filtration
Movement of blood filtrate within kidney
Negatively charged molecules in lamina lucida/collagen fibrils in lamina densa
Regulated via ion exchange and molecular sieve
107
Composition of Basal Lamina
Laminins
Collagens
Entactins/Nidogen
Proteoglycans
108
Functions of Laminins
Possess integrins
Link basal lamina to basal plasma membrane
109
Functions of Collagens
Type IV collagen
Short filaments
Structural integrity
Molecular sieve
110
Functions of Entactin/Nidogen
Link between laminins and Type IV collagen
Supports cell adhesion
111
Functions of Proteoglycans
Bulk of basal lamina
Protein cores
Attached to cores are negatively charges GAG's
VERY EXTENSIVELY HYDRATED
Role in regulation of ions across basal lamina
112
Types of cell surface modifications
Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia
Lateral/Basal foldings
113
Features of Microvilli
114
Features of Stereocilia
115
Features of Lateral folds
116
Types of Junctional Complexes
Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens/Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
117
Features of Zonula Occludens
118
Features of Zonula Adherens
119
Features of Macula Adherens
120
Features of Gap Junctions
121
Features of Hemidesmosomes
Located on basal surface of plasma membrane
Connects basal PM to basal lamina
122
Locations with hemidesmosomes
Epithelia subjected to abrasion and mechanical shearing
Skin
Cornea
Mucosa of Oral cavity, Esophagus, and vagina
123
Composition of hemidesmosomes
Attachment plaque (plectin and BP230)
Plaque on cytoplasmic side
Intermediate filaments bind to attachment plaque
Integrins bind attachent plaque to ECM
124
Features of Focal Adhesions
Dynamic attachments
Link actin filaments to ECM proteins
125
Composition of Focal Adhesions
Actin filaments
Integrins
Laminin and Fibronectin
126
Role of Focal Adhesions
Attachment and migration of cells
127
CN-I
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Olfactory
Sensory Nerve - sense of smell
No motor function
128
CN-II
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Optic
Sensory Nerve - sense of sight
No motor function
129
CN-III
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Oculomotor
No sensory function
Motor function - controls 5/7 muscles of orbit/eye
130
CN-IV
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Trochlear
No sensory function
Downward internal rotation of eye (Superior Oblique)
131
CN-V
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Trigeminal
Sensory for facial sensations (pain, hot/cold)
Motor function for muscles of mastication
Motor function of myohyloid, anterior belly of digastric; tensor veli palantini; tensor tympani
132
Muscles of mastication
Temporalis muscle
Massetter muscle
Lateral/Medial Pterygoid
133
CN-VI
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Abducens
No sensory function
Motor function for lateral deviation of eye (Lateral Rectus)
134
CN-VII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Facial
Sensory function of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue and sensation of ear
Motor function of facial expressions (posterior belly of digastric; stapedius muscle)
135
CN-VIII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory function of hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular)
No motor function
136
CN-IX
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory function of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sensory of pharynx, posterior portion of eardrum and ear canal
Motor function of the stylopharyngeus muscle
137
CN-X
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Vagus
Sensory function of pharynx and larynx
Motor function of pharynx, larynx, and palatal muscles
138
CN-XI
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Spinal Accessory
No sensory function
Motor function of SCM and trapezius
139
CN-XII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Hypoglossal
140
