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FFM-1 Spring 2024 > FFM2 - Mini I > Flashcards

FFM2 - Mini I Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of substances that will interact with living systems via chemical processes

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2
Q

Drug

A

Molecule that will bind to target to exert effect

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3
Q

Prototype drug

A

First form of a drug/medication
Is used to formulate alternative forms

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What body does to drug

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What drug does to body

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6
Q

Toxicology

A

Science of adverse effects of chemicals on body

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7
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Relationship between persons genetic makeup and response to specific drugs

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8
Q

What is main item that NBME tests on for medication names?

A

Generic names of medications

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9
Q

Mechanism of action

A

How drug works to produce change in body

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10
Q

Pharmacologic drug action

A

Consequences of drug-receptor combination

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11
Q

Pharmacologic effect

A

Results of drug action
Consequences of drugs own actions

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12
Q

Precaution

A

Used when medication use should be used with care and careful monitoring of patient

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13
Q

Contraindication

A

Specific circumstance where medication should NOT be used

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14
Q

Relative Contraindication

A

Caution needs to be used when 2 meds used together
Benefits outweigh risks

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15
Q

Absolute contraindication

A

Substance can cause life-threatening and should be avoided

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16
Q

Black box warning

A

Serious/life threatening risks associated with
Most serious medication warning from FDA

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17
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

Beneficial consequence of treatment

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18
Q

Adverse event

A

Harmful/abnormal result form medication

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19
Q

Pregnancy Risk Catagories

A

A
B
C
D
X

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20
Q

Which pregnancy risk catagories are adverse?

A

C
D
X

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21
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of interaction between drug and target

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22
Q

Potency

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce effect

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23
Q

EC50

A

Concentration drug needed to produce 50% of max effect

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24
Q

Efficacy

A

Largest effect achieved with drug, regardless of dosage

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25
Q

Agonist

A

Bind to receptor
Produce normal response

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26
Q

Antagonist

A

Bind to receptor
Compete and prevent binding by other molecules
Will block actions OF agonist

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27
Q

Full Agonist

A

Complete 100% activation of receptor

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28
Q

Partial agonist

A

Binding to receptor results in >0% but < 100% of activation even with high concentrations

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29
Q

Inverse agonist

A

Bind to receptor and will produce a response BELOW baseline response
Decreased concentration of drug

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30
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Bind to same site
Lowers efficacy of medication
Decreases EC50 of medication

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31
Q

Noncompetitive anatgonist

A

Bind covalently to receptor
Permanent reduction of # of receptors
Irreversible
EC50 remains same; efficacy decreases

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32
Q

Selectivity

A

Degree to which drug acts on given site relative to other sites

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33
Q

Nonselective drug

A

Affects many different tissues producing range of effects

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34
Q

Selective drug

A

Affects single organ/system

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35
Q

Local effects of medication

A

Application to site of action

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36
Q

Systemic effects

A

Drug enters circulation and transported to cellular site of action

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37
Q

Routes of Administration:
Enteral

A

Oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal

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38
Q

Routes of Administration:
Paraenteral

A

IV/IA
IM
SubQ
Intradermal

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39
Q

Routes of Administration:
Other types

A

Oral inhalation
Intrathecal/intraventricular
Topical
Transdermal
Vaginal
Urethral

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40
Q

Absorption

A

Entering blood stream from site of administration

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41
Q

Distribution

A

Process which drug reversibly leave bloodstream and enters ECF and tissues

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42
Q

Metabolism

A

Biochemical changes to medication to facilitate elimination from body

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43
Q

Elimination

A

Irreversible removal of medication from body
Renal most common

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44
Q

Bioavailability

A

Extent to which medication reaches systemic circulation

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45
Q

Factors affecting Absorption

A

ph changes
Blood low
Presence/absence of transporters
First pass effect (Liver/GI metabolism)
Drug formulation

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46
Q

Factors affecting Distribution

A

CO and Blood flow
Permeability of capillaries
Degree of binding of drug to proteins in blood/tissue
Lipophilicity of medication
MW

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47
Q

Central compartment of body

A

Highly perfused organs
Heart/Liver/Kidneys

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48
Q

Peripheral compartment of body

A

Fat tissues
Muscle tissues
CSF

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49
Q

Instantaneous distribution within body

A

One-compartment
All fluids/tissues considered part of compartment

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50
Q

Delayed distribution within body
Some areas get medication faster than others…

A

Two-compartments
Distribution into high vascular organs then everywhere else more slowly

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51
Q

Metabolism of meds in 3 ways
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Active med to inactive med
2) Active med to active metabolite
3) Inactive med to active med

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52
Q

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

A

Fluid volume required to contain entire drug in body at same concentration as measured in plasma

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53
Q

Equation for Vd

A

Dose of drug/drug concentration

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54
Q

Factors affecting Vd

A

Drug MW
Lipophilic or hydrophilic
Ionization at pH
Protein binding
Disease states

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55
Q

Half Life (T1/2)

A

Time it takes to reduce plasma concentration by 1/2

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56
Q

Clearance (CL)

A

Volume of blood from which drug is cleared per unit of time

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57
Q

Equation of CL

A

CL(total) = CL(hepatic) + CL(renal) + CL (other)

58
Q

Clearance is dependent on…

A

Half Life - t1/2
Volume of Distribution - Vd

59
Q

Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Inducers (8)

A

1) Carbamazepine
2) Chronic alcohol abuse
3) Modofinil
4) Nevirapine
5) Phenobarbital
6) Phenytoin
7) Rifampin
8) St Johns Wort

60
Q

Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Substrates (5)

A

1) Anto-epileptics
2) Oral contraceptives
3) Statins (EXCEPT FOR pravastatin)
4) Theophylline
5) Warfarin

61
Q

Notable CYP-450 Interactions:
Inhibitors (16)

A

1) Acute alcohol overdose
2) Acetomenophen
3) Amniodarone
4) Chloramphenicol
5) Cimitidine
6) Clarithromycin
7) Erythromycin
8) Fluconazole
9) Grapefruit juice
10) Isoniazid
11) Ketoconazole
12) NSAID’s
13) Omeprazole
14) Ritonavir
15) Sulfonamides
16) Valporic Acid

62
Q

Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

63
Q

Characteristics of Epithelium

A

Avascular
Packed cells with shape/arrangement associated with function

64
Q

Cell characteristics of epithelium

A

Arranged as sheets or masses
Close to one another
Have intercellular junctions
Polarized
Rest on basal lamina

65
Q

Polarization in epithelium

A

Distinct surface domains
Apical, Lateral and basal surfaces

66
Q

Classification of cells:
1)
2)

A

Arrangement
Shape

67
Q

Examples of Arrangement for cells

A

Simple
Stratified

68
Q

Examples of Shape of cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

69
Q

Features of Simple Squamous cells

A

Width greater than height
One cell layer thick
Nucleus protrudes into lumen

70
Q

Location of Simple Squamous cells

A

Lining of BV and Lymphatic vessels
Wall of Bowmans capsule
Covering of mesentery
Lining of respiratory spaces/alveoli in lungs

71
Q

Function of Simple Squamous cells

A

Diffusion
Transportation in/out of lumen

72
Q

Special terminology for certain simple squamous epithelia

A

Endothelium
Mesothelium

73
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple Squamous cells lining blood vessels, lymph vessels, lining of heart (atria/ventricles)

74
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple Squamous cells lining walls and covering contents of body cavities (C/A/P)

75
Q

Features of Simple Cuboidal cells

A

Width, depth and height all similar
One cell layer
Centrally located nuclei

76
Q

Location of Simple Cuboidal cells

A

Wall of thyroid follicle
Walls of kidney tubules (DCT)
Surface of ovary (germinal epithelium)
Interior surface of tympanic membrane

77
Q

Function of Simple Cuboidal cells

A

Absorption
Secretion
Conduction involving different metabolic processes

78
Q

Features of Simple Columnar cells

A

Height greater than width
One cell layer
Nuclei seen near basement membrane

79
Q

Location of Simple Columnar cells

A

Intestinal tract (stomach to rectum)
Gallbladder
Uterus/cervix
Kidney collecting ducts (lower portion of)
Inner ear
Larger glands and ducts

80
Q

Function of Simple Columnar cells

A

Protection
Lubrication
Absorption
Secretion
Conduction involving different metabolic processes

81
Q

Features of Stratified Squamous cells

A

Multilayered
Superficial layer is squamous
Can be keratinzied/nonkeratinized

82
Q

Location of Stratified Squamous cells

A

Epidermis (K)
Lining of oral cavity (NK)
Lips
Lining of esophagus (NK)
Lining of vagina (NK)

83
Q

Functions of Stratified Squamous cells

A

Barrier
Protection

84
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous cells seen…

A

Dry environment

85
Q

Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous cells seen…

A

Wet environment

86
Q

Features of Stratified Cuboidal cells

A

Multilayered

87
Q

Location of Stratified Cuboidal cells

A

Ducts of sweat glands
Larger ducts of exocrine glands
Anal canal

88
Q

Functions of Stratified Cuboidal cells

A

Barrier
Conduit

89
Q

Features of Stratified Columnar cells

A

Multilayered
Basal layer appears cuboidal
Superficial layer appears columnar

90
Q

Location of Stratified Columnar cells

A

Largest ducts of exocrine glands
Anal canal
Conjunctiva of eye
Male urethra
Submandibular salivary gland

91
Q

Function of Stratified Columnar cells

A

Barrier
Conduit

92
Q

Features of Transitional Epithelium

A

Stratified
Upper cells domed shaped
Some cells are binucleated
Apical surface will stain more pink due to actin filaments

93
Q

Location of Transitional Epithelium

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Renal calyces
Urethra

94
Q

Function of Transitional Epithelium

A

Accommodation of distention

95
Q

Another name for Transitional Epithelium

A

Urothelium

96
Q

Features of Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Appearance of being stratified but is NOT
Some cells do not reach free surface
Nuclei located at different distances from basal lamina
All cells rest on basement membrane

97
Q

Location of Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Upper Respiratory Tract
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Middle Ear

98
Q

Special features usually seen with Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Ciliated or Stereocilia
Goblet cells

99
Q

Features of Basal Lamina

A

Acellular
Attachment site
Components synthesized and secreted by epithelial cells
Seen with PAS and Silver salts

100
Q

Layers of Basal Lamina

A

1) Lamina Densa
2) Lamina Lucida

101
Q

Features of Lamina Densa

A

Network of fine filaments

102
Q

Features of Lamina Lucida

A

Clear space between base of cell and Lamina Densa
Cause by artifact

103
Q

Functions of Basal Lamina
1)
2)
3)

A

Structure Attachement
Compartmentalization
Filtration

104
Q

Function of Basal Lamina:
Attachement

A

Connection of epithelial cells to connective tissue

105
Q

Function of Basal Lamina:
Compartmentalization

A

Separates connective tissue FROM nervous, epithelial, and muscular tissue

106
Q

Function of Basal Lamina:
Filtration

A

Movement of blood filtrate within kidney
Negatively charged molecules in lamina lucida/collagen fibrils in lamina densa
Regulated via ion exchange and molecular sieve

107
Q

Composition of Basal Lamina

A

Laminins
Collagens
Entactins/Nidogen
Proteoglycans

108
Q

Functions of Laminins

A

Possess integrins
Link basal lamina to basal plasma membrane

109
Q

Functions of Collagens

A

Type IV collagen
Short filaments
Structural integrity
Molecular sieve

110
Q

Functions of Entactin/Nidogen

A

Link between laminins and Type IV collagen
Supports cell adhesion

111
Q

Functions of Proteoglycans

A

Bulk of basal lamina
Protein cores
Attached to cores are negatively charges GAG’s
VERY EXTENSIVELY HYDRATED
Role in regulation of ions across basal lamina

112
Q

Types of cell surface modifications

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia
Lateral/Basal foldings

113
Q

Features of Microvilli

A
114
Q

Features of Stereocilia

A
115
Q

Features of Lateral folds

A
116
Q

Types of Junctional Complexes

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens/Desmosomes
Gap Junctions

117
Q

Features of Zonula Occludens

A
118
Q

Features of Zonula Adherens

A
119
Q

Features of Macula Adherens

A
120
Q

Features of Gap Junctions

A
121
Q

Features of Hemidesmosomes

A

Located on basal surface of plasma membrane
Connects basal PM to basal lamina

122
Q

Locations with hemidesmosomes

A

Epithelia subjected to abrasion and mechanical shearing
Skin
Cornea
Mucosa of Oral cavity, Esophagus, and vagina

123
Q

Composition of hemidesmosomes

A

Attachment plaque (plectin and BP230)
Plaque on cytoplasmic side
Intermediate filaments bind to attachment plaque
Integrins bind attachent plaque to ECM

124
Q

Features of Focal Adhesions

A

Dynamic attachments
Link actin filaments to ECM proteins

125
Q

Composition of Focal Adhesions

A

Actin filaments
Integrins
Laminin and Fibronectin

126
Q

Role of Focal Adhesions

A

Attachment and migration of cells

127
Q

CN-I
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Olfactory
Sensory Nerve - sense of smell
No motor function

128
Q

CN-II
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Optic
Sensory Nerve - sense of sight
No motor function

129
Q

CN-III
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Oculomotor
No sensory function
Motor function - controls 5/7 muscles of orbit/eye

130
Q

CN-IV
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Trochlear
No sensory function
Downward internal rotation of eye (Superior Oblique)

131
Q

CN-V
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Trigeminal
Sensory for facial sensations (pain, hot/cold)
Motor function for muscles of mastication
Motor function of myohyloid, anterior belly of digastric; tensor veli palantini; tensor tympani

132
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis muscle
Massetter muscle
Lateral/Medial Pterygoid

133
Q

CN-VI
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Abducens
No sensory function
Motor function for lateral deviation of eye (Lateral Rectus)

134
Q

CN-VII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Facial
Sensory function of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue and sensation of ear
Motor function of facial expressions (posterior belly of digastric; stapedius muscle)

135
Q

CN-VIII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory function of hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular)
No motor function

136
Q

CN-IX
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Glossopharyngeal
Sensory function of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sensory of pharynx, posterior portion of eardrum and ear canal
Motor function of the stylopharyngeus muscle

137
Q

CN-X
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Vagus
Sensory function of pharynx and larynx
Motor function of pharynx, larynx, and palatal muscles

138
Q

CN-XI
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Spinal Accessory
No sensory function
Motor function of SCM and trapezius

139
Q

CN-XII
Name:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:

A

Hypoglossal

140
Q
A

FFM-1 Spring 2024 (11 decks)

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