FF Procedures Flashcards
Prior to arrival of the FAST unit, who normally makes up the Safety Team?
BackUp and Control of the 2nd Engine
Which members make up the safety team of a 4 FF Ladder?
LCC and outside FF designated by officer
Where does the FAST unit report to upon arrival?
report and stage Near the ICP WITHIN verbal contact, at a position from which they can be readily deployed.
true or false
FAST unit shall never split up.
False
they should utilize a 2 sided approach - search team via interior, removal team via exterior.
Unit shall remain intact at large commercial or comlex buildings.
Locating a downed member and positioning them on their right side will provide what information?
Unit and position
UNLESS THE SCBA IS A SPARE!
What is the breaking strength of the 1” nylon tubular webbing?
4,000lbs
What is the knotted breaking strength of 1” nylon tubular webbing?
3,000lbs
What is the proper placement of the aerial ladder from the building?
25 to 35 feet
What is the recommeded distance of the tip of the aerial from the objective?
2” to 6”
When positioning an aerial ladder at a window, the tip should be:
less than 6” over the sill
What is the proper plaement of the aerial ladder to the fire escape?
Alongside the fire escape with the tip 2” away from the face of the bldg and about 1-3 ft above the railing.
Where do you position the truck for a severe fire at a narrow frontage building with no people showing?
Turntable CENTER of the bldg
narrow frontage (30’ or less)
Where do you position the truck for a fire at a large frontage building with no people showing?
approx 15 feet from the side wall passed on your approach.
large frontage = over 30’
Smaller sheets of salvage plastic, ________, can be used to cover window openings.
4 1/2 x 6 ft
Who is responsible for completing a copy of the Salvage form?
Ladder co Officer completes a SINGLE copy of the SAL-2 form
this form is filed in the unit.
As an officer, if one of your members bitten by a dog what notifications shall be made?
- EMS
- PD
- Board of Health
- Animal Care Center - IF DOG IS A STRAY
- Medical Officer
Units encountering security dogs at operations or various field duties must enter this info into the CIDS. What information should be included?
- location in premise where dogs are kept and type of dog.
2. Name of Handlers if on premises, OR readily available with telephone numbers
What tools are ineffective on LEXAN windows?
Air Chisel
Torch
Pike Axe
LEXAN windows can be cut quickly and easily by using the _________
Saw with the CARBIDE TIPPED blade
The sawzall with a _________ blade, is also effective on LEXAN windows
coarse tooth WOOD
In city housing projects, a gray chute door on the first floor indicates:
a COMPACTOR chute
red for incinerator
Steel cans filled with ashes may indicate:
an INCINERATOR
What are the width of the marked lines for a vacant building?
2 inches
When a unit surveying their district discovers a new vacant building, who should they notify?
ALL units assigned in the FIRST ALARM
A study revealed that approximately ______ of the casualties in confined space incidents started out as _________
60%
RESCUERS
If a confined space poses a danger to anyone that enters it, it is designated a Permit Required Confined Space (Permit Space). A Permit Space is any confined space that has one or more of the following potential problems:
- Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
- Contains material that could potentially engulf a person
- Is shaped in a way that a person could be caught or asphyxiated by inwardly tapering walls, or floors that slope downward, tapering into a smaller cross-section
- Contains any recognized, serious health or safety hazard.
Who designates a permit space?
The owner of the space, who issues the permit
“Danger: Permit Required Confined Space - Do Not Enter” or similar wording.
a Non-Permit Space can be just as deadly as a Permit Space.
True
it just doesnt have a sign to warn you of the dangers
What are the 3 type of Atmospheric Hazards in a confined space?
- Asphyxiant
- Toxic
- Explosive
code - ATE
Can our meters detect toxic materials in a confined space?
No there is no accurate way to test for the presence of all possible toxic materials.
Treat Every confined space as a deadly atmosphere until proven by verified meter readings.
Members of SOC Support Ladders are trained in what kind of confined space rescues?
Line of Sight rescues
Your company is one of the first arriving units at a confined space emergency. How many radio-euipped members are posted at the location which controls flow/energy to the space?
2 members with necessary tools AT EACH LOCATION
All members entering a confined space must be breathing air from the SCBA unless ___________________
PROVEN non-hazardous via continuous meter readings
Safe Atmospheric Conditions of Confined Spaces
- Oxygen Concentration:
- Flammable Range:
- Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide:
- Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulfide:
- between 19.5% and 23.5%
- Not Over 10% of LEL
- Not Over 35 ppm
- Not Over 10 ppm
What is the weight-supporting capacity of:
Tower Ladder
Aerial Ladder
1,000 lbs
250 lbs
TL Never used to Lift a person
The member selected for initial entry to the confined space should, at a minimum, be _______ certified.
CFR
If the victim in a confined space is breathing but the atmosphere is a threat, what is the highest priority?
Establishing an Airway and placement of a SCBA facepiece.
Other than the FAST unit’s FAST PAK*
Confined Space Ops
All trauma patients and patients that are unconscious for an unknown reason:
should be treated as having Spinal Injuries
At a fire in a vacant building, limited application of interior streams is advisable when penetration of outside streams is restricted to:
The Front 2 rooms
When stretching hand lines into exposures for operations into the vacant fire building, what handling should be considered?
2-1/2” with ss nozzle for additional Gpm and reach
When placing a TL in a vacant lot to access the fire building, the boom should not be operated __________________, but instead ________________
At Right angles to the chasis at low elevations.
Narrow angles over the front or rear of the apparatus
At vacant building fires, how many members should be assigned to search all floors below the operating force for presence of other fires or conditions?
How many of those members shall be radio equipped?
2 members search
1 with a radio
Sprinkers are generally found where in Taxpayers?
Cellar areas
What is the most prevalent type of Taxpayer?
1920s to 1960s
What type of Taxpayer is described below?
Usually 1 story but can be 2. Have partitions, girders, beams, and columns of wood and may be considered wood frame buildings although most have masonry exteriors. Original ceilings may be tin, nailed directly to the beams or furring strips. Original lath and plaster and wood ceilings could be covered with tin. Decorative metal cornices on the front of some buildings that can be removed to provide access to the cockloft area.
older type built from the turn of the century to the 1920s
What type of Taxpayer is described below?
Usually larger in area and many are one-tenant occupants, such as supermarkets, bowling alleys, restaurants, factories etc. Many are 2 stories with various stores on first floor. Second floor may house large meeting halls, dancehalls, restaurants, factories etc. or the floor may be broken up into small offices and rooms. Egress from upper floor may be via one or more interior stairways or fire escapes. Removing cornice or sign in most cases will not provide access to the cockloft area.
built 1920s to 1960s
What type of Taxpayer is described below?
Use of combustible construction materials has been reduced. Steel bar joists are used to support the floors and roof in place of wood beams. The floor and roof may be concrete poured on top of metal decking which is supported by the metal joists. The roofs may also be concrete slabs between bar joists or fiberous material slabs supported in metal channels. All of these surfaces will have a poured pitch and gravel covering.
Newer type built since 1960s
Rules for Taxpayer sprinkler code:
1938
1968
2008 Group M-Mercantile
area exceeding:
10,000
7,500
Full Building - 12,000 or combined exceeds 24,000
What is the size of cockloft in a Taxpayer?
Varies from 4 inches to over 6 feet.
What is the most common type of roof on a taxpayer?
constructed of wood joists covered with either Tongue and Groove boards or Plywood.
The Bowstring Truss roof may only support _____ of the load they were originally designed to hold.
40%
Steel trusses tend to ______ when losing their strength becuase of elevated temperatures, but wood tends to ______
Stretch
Snap
What is the fire resistance rating of Open Web Steel Joists?
They have NO fire resistance rating
Open web steel joists are used to span lengths of up to ___ feet.
60
Unprotected open web steel joists may collapse in?
Only 5 or 10 minutes
How do Concrete block walls and Brick walls usually fall in terms of collapse at Taxpayers?
Concrete block = Hinge at Ground level and an entire side or rear wall may Remain Intact and fall out FLAT
Brick walls = CRUMBLE or Break as they fall, but can be projected.
An average 50 ft long steel beam, heated uniformly over its length to 970 F will extend approximately?
4 inches
At 1000 F a 100 ft long beam will extend?
9-1/2 inches
Tests have shown that cooling a steel member will cause it to?
Regain its strength and load carrying ability. There should be hesitation in cooling these members.
Cast Iron Columns are unpredictable and fail, on average, in about __________
30 minutes
What is greater, the failure of a column, a girder, or a beam?
COLUMN
What is the most common type of floors in Taxpayers?
Tongue and Groove boards or plywood, supported by wood floor joists.
Warning signs that will signal potential collapse at Taxpayers:
Heavy body of fire which has been burning out of control for ____________ or more particularly in a large open floor area.
20 minutes
Warning signs for potential collapse in Taxpayers:
Inability to make successful headway against a heavy fire condition ___________________ into the operation.
WITHIN 20 minutes
At 1,100 F, cast iron loses ______ of its original strength.
58%
Where do most fires originate in Taxpayers?
Rear of the first floor where utilities, storage, and services are located
What are the three considerations in assessing the possibility of a structural collapse?
- type of Construction involved
- Intensity of the Fire
- Time that the structural members have been burning or subjected to the heat of fire
A Heavy body of fire at a Taxpayer, which has been burning out of control for __________ or more, particularly in a large open floor area is considered a Warning Sign for potential collapse.
20 minutes
What are the colors of smoke associated with a Backdraft?
- Dense black = lack of oxygen and large quantities of free carbon and carbon monoxide gas.
- Dirty Brown
- Yellow Brown
- Gray Yellow
What areas are particularly vulnerable to backdrafts in Taxpayers?
CELLAR and STORAGE AREAS
A room or fire area requires only _____ of its space to contain the explosive mixture for the entire area to possibly explode.
25%
In most cases the high portion of the cockloft is?
at the FRONT
If additional openings must be made on the roof of a Taxpayer, who chooses the location of those openings?
Roof Sector Supervisor or orders from IC
at a Taxpayer fire, a Roof Sector Supervisor must supervise roof ops when?
when More than 1 saw is working on the roof
Engine companies using an FT-2 tip to relieve an area of smoke and heat should remember to adjust the fog pattern to the width of the opening and stand back how many feet while operating?
4 to 5 ft
While cutting the roof of a Taxpayer, it was not possible to be lifted off in one piece. Which should be removed first?
the roof Covering, then the roof Boards
When there is a need for members to operste on a bowstring truss roof of a building not involved in fire (operating a hoseline from the roof into an adjoining fire building) the IC must take what into account?
the past history of truss failure
What is the most common decking in newer taxpayers with lightweight open web steel joists?
Corrugated steel
4 to 6 ft of spacing between joists
When would you special call an extra Engine and Ladder at a taxpayer fire?
when 2 Handlines are operating on an Advanced Fire in a Store
When would you transmit a 2nd alarm at a Taxpayer fire?
Extension to the Cockloft, Adjoining Occupancy, or for an Advanced Fire in the CELLAR
a properly positioned tower ladder at a taxpayer can cover a building with a frontage of?
100 ft
In most cases, where is the location of the last emergency exit and last crossover to the adjacent under river rail tube?
Tunnel-to-Tube Transition Area
What kind of exit stairways in under river rails are often steeper with open treads?
Metal stairs
Does the depth and pitch of stairways correspond to the depths of under river tubes?
Yes
range from 24 to 130 ft deep
All under river standpipes in the NYCT are:
WET
Under river rail standpipes are:
CITY-MAIN FED
Are there pumps to augment pressures in standpipes in under river rails?
NO
Siameses in under river rails are usually located?
at the Emergency Exits Closest to the River
2-1/2” outlets are located every _______ throughout under river tubes.
200 feet
Section valves are located approximately _______ apart in under river tubes.
600 feet
What is located at the standpipe outlets in under river tubes?
Sound Powered Phone Jacks
which is every 200 ft
Where are section valves often found in under river tubes?
at the base of Emergency Exits
and every 600 feet
Where can you find a 20lb Dry Chem Extinguisher in an under river tube?
at Power Removal Boxes
approx every 600 feet
Emergency Evacuation Devices are located?
at both ends of each under river tube at the base of the Emergency Exits
NYCT EED’s are also located near stations, at the first blue light _____ of the station, on the ______bound track.
SOUTH and SOUTH
Members operating the Subway Repeater System at street level on opposite sides of the tunnel (will or will not) be able to relay messages across the river?
will and Should
Blue Light Phones are found where in under river tubes?
near the Emergency Power Removal Boxes.
approx 600 ft apart
a member using a blue light phone in the tube can call who?
TA Trainmaster or the phone in the token booth of the Nearest station.
Members using the sound powered phone in the tubes should use:
Headphones and Amplifiers - to overcome high levels of background noise
A blue light phone ____ be used to call outside the system, but ____ receive calls from outside the system.
CANNOT call outside
CAN receive calls
What is the primary method for moving patients and equipment at under river tubes?
RAIL CARTS
The guide FF is to remain in position until the outrigger is:
Fully lowered on the Operators Blind Side
What is the outrigger clearance of a 95’ TL?
6’8”
Where are the manual pins placed for outriggers?
for Jacks?
Lowest Hole
Highest Slot
Movement of pedestal controls without corresponding movement of the bucket:
could indicate a MALFUNCTION or PHYSICAL RESTRICTION IN BUCKET MOVEMENT
What part of the bucket is not a substantial part of the bucket and not used as a substantial object when tying off?
BUCKET RAILINGS
Who controls the bucket when operating delicate maneuvers are required?
Pedestal FF
Where is the gated inlet and ungated inlet on the TL?
3”x3” GATED on LEFT side
4-1/2” UNGATED on RIGHT side
When is the TL intercom tested?
Each tour and prior to operation
What is the reference point of the TL?
ALWAYS THE PEDESTAL
When a TL stream application is anticipated from the street level, the angle of the TL should be:
IN TOWARDS THE BUILDING LINE
What is the ideal horizontal distance from the center line of the turntable to an objective?
32 feet
When the center line of the turntable is _____ from a building, there will be sufficient room for the bucket to be dropped below the horizontal.
25 feet
A TL can potentially cover how many Row Frames?
6
What is the preferred method of rescue where the member is operating the bucket to rescue a victim in a building?
ANGULAR APPROACH
When operating a TL on a hill, position the apparatus parallel to the direction of the slope so that the boom operations will be in the:
UP-HILL DIRECTION
If a TL is facing down-hill, where do you place the turntable in relation to the objective?
PAST the objective - bucket will operate uphill towards the objective
If a TL is facing up-hill, where do you place the turntable in relation to the objective?
BEFORE the objective - operate bucket uphill
When gaining entry into an apartment off the bucket, what should the member place into the window as a reference point?
6’ hook firmly into corner, and/or bucket cord light into the window
What is the preferred position of the bucket for rescuing unconscious, incapacitated or obese victims?
Top Bucket Rail Level with the Sill or Top Rail of Fire Escape
How should you position the bucket for recsue of an ambulatory person?
Middle of the bucket at a level where a person can easily step into it without straddling the sill or fire escape railing
How is the apparatus placed for rescue from a window?
Bucket lined up with the window
What is the preferred positioning of the stokes basket being lashed to a substantial part of the bucket?
DIAGONAL
position apparatus center line of turntable at least 25-30’ from the building
When placed to the roof for access, what is the preferred positioning of the bucket?
Over the Roof, Parapet, or Cornice and the GATE PARALLEL TO THE ROOFLINE
When using a power saw from the bucket at a peaked roof PD, where is the bucket positioned?
AS CLOSE TO THE RIDGE POLE AS POSSIBLE
What is the order of cuts at a peaked roof from the bucket?
- Parallel to the RIDGE Pole *
- Bottom slanted cut
- Vertical connecting 1st and 2nd
- KNOCK OUT CUT!
What cut is the knock out cut on a Peaked Roof?
FOURTH
and last cut
The bucket is wedged at an operation. What is the protocol?
- Notify IC with URGENT
- verify members are secured to substantial part of the bucket - REMAIN LOW
immediately Crouch, Sit, or otherwise remain low in anticipation for sudden, violent movements
When overhauling from the bucket, position the top of the bucket railing:
SLIGHTLY BELOW work area
What is the minimum safe distance to stay away from passenger air bags during auto extrication?
A. 5 inches
B. 10 inches
C. 15 inches
D. 20 inches
D 20 5-10-15 rule 5 side air bags 10 drivers 20 passengers
When ___________ fire coditions are encountered the initial lines at Taxpayer fires should be 2-1/2”
HEAVY or MEDIUM
When can a 2-1/2” line be reduced to 1-3/4”?
AFTER THE INITIAL ATTACK, if the striking power and water capabiliiy is not required
Which company ensures the sprinker system is supplied?
THIRD Engine
In a building equipped with a sprinkler system and if staffing and conditions permit at a taxpayer fire, the first engine company shall stretch the first line into place and:
a second line stretched to feed the
Fire in a Taxpayer:
Second due engine company assisted the first engine with the initial line, and stretched a second line to the feed the sprinker system in the building. What is their next step?
Stretch a line to backup the first engine’s line
When fire has control of the cockloft in a taxpayer, the second due engine should?
- assist the first engine with initial line
- STRETCH 2nd LINE INTO ANOTHER SERIOUSLY EXPOSED BUILDING AND OPERATE INTO THE COCKLOFT
- this is done to push the extending fire back towards the original fire building*
(this differs from fires in cellar & stores)
When ladder company personnel are used to force security gates and street doors:
it may be preferrable to have them continue down the row of stores, opening all that may be reasonably expected.
What would aid you in suspecting a cellar fire at a taxpayer?
Smoke shows in many stores and there is High Heat on the First Floor WITH NO VISIBLE FLAME
Who shuts down utilities at a cellar fire in a taxpayer?
1st due INSIDE TEAM
Where does the 1st due LCC go after initial laddering duties at a fire in the cellar of a taxpayer?
Joins the FE Team, if not directed otherwise
2nd due LCC same thing
Fire in the store of a taxpayer;
Ventilation of the store at the fron by the removal of show windows shall be done if ordered by?
INCIDENT COMMANDER - and only when a charged line is in place
Cellar fires = 1st LCO
The practicality of trenching a taxpayer will depend on:
- size of the roof
- volume of fire
- ceilings - height and type
If fire extends to the cockloft of a taxpayer, where is the 1st due LCC’s position?
ROOF to assist roof FF
Truck companies other than the 1st or 2nd arriving on the initial alarm, should report in to taxpayer fires with?
10 and 12 foot hooks besides their normal tool complement
Taxpayer fire
When the member going to the roof is carrying the saw, what must also be taken?
a Hook
Taxpayer fire
members going to the roof subsequently should bring what tools?
Ax or Iron with saw if available
What is the tool complement of the 2nd due Roof FF at fire in the store and/or cockloft of a taxpayer?
2nd portable to roof
Saw with Ax & Iron
Taxpayers
In a second floor occupancy with large unobstructed areas, such as dance or meeting hall, the ceiling beams span __________, the cockloft may be _________ and the ceilings may be ___________
GREATER distances
DEEPER
HIGHER
Which type of architecture of places of worship are susceptible to early collapse?
BOTH older and newer
Older = large high timber truss roof
Newer = lightweight truss construction
What are the 5 major defects or faults in the construction of places of worship?
- Early collapse potential
- Concealed voids
- Combustible material - Truss Roof Construction
- Lack of fire suppression and detection systems
- Large open areas with Limited or No fire stopping
What area in places of worship must be accessed to check for fire extension?
ATTIC SPACE
unnoticed fire could cause collapse of the roof truss beams and ceiling
Places of Worship
When fire is located within the large open area, what is the first priority for water application?
TL STREAM into the ROSE WINDOW
Where are attic vents typically located in places of worship?
Front or Rear of the LONG SIDE
- when located in the Front, it will be a few feet above the Rose window
- is an excellent location for water application
Places of Worship
When fire is not visible within the large area but suspected to be within the concealed area of the attic or cockloft, what is the priority of water application?
INTO THE VENTILATION OPENING
When a fire is in the cellar area in a place of worship, units operating above the cellar must:
Immediately check for extension on the 1st floor AND in the Cockloft/Attic area
High Vaulted Ceilings in places of worship can be 60 or more feet in height. What are some key considerations?
- conditions at ground level will not provide accurated indication of fire conditions above
- TIC MUST BE USED
- REQUIRES use of 2-1/2” hoseline
What is always a major concern for firefighters in a place of worship?
COLLAPSE
collapse dangers: Bell Tower, Minaret, Steeple, Ceilings, Sidewalls & the Roof
What is more unstable: a steeple or dome?
a STEEPLE atop a bell tower is more unstable than a Dome above a tower
In places of worship, what are the bearing walls?
Sidewalls - and they run Parallel With The Ridge
What are the most dangerous areas during a fire at a place of worship?
Exposure 2 & 4 SIDEWALLS and the exposure side of the STEEPLE or BELL TOWER
Fire is in a large open area of a place of worship, what size will the initial hoseline be?
2-1/2”
reach of the stream required
Fire is in the cellar of a place of worship, what size will the hoseline be?
1-3/4”
close quarters, mobility
Fire is in the cellar of a place of worship, after a coordinated size-up and comunication bt the first engine and truck officer, the first hoseline should be stretched to the entrance door that:
provides the QUICKEST ACCESS to the cellar in order to extinguish the fire
Fire is in the cellar of a place of worship, the second hoseline will initially be positioned and:
CHARGED OUTSIDE the fire building as a backup for the first line. When not needed to backup the first line, it can be used to extinguish any fire that may extend to the floor above or be positioned as per IC
Whenever 2 hoselines are stretched and operating at a place of worship and the fire does not show immediate signs of extinguishment:
the IC should prepare for an exterior attack
When fire is found to involve the truss space in a place of worship, what should be the primary tactical consideration?
EXTERIOR OPERATIONS
Are search ropes required at Places of Worship?
No - CONSIDER use of a search rope
What is the best window to vent at a fire in a place of worship?
WINDOW CLOSEST to the fire in conjunction with hoseline advancement
- Rose window May Not provide adequate ventilation
- side stain glass windows will not effectively ventialte upper portions of structure
Places of Worship
When are the walls and attic areas checked for fire extension?
As soon as first hoselines KNOCK DOWN the fire.
it is Imperative to check then
Places of Worship
Who attempts an examination of the cellar for fire?
1st due Truck
Places of Worship
Who ensures an examination of the cellar for fire?
2nd due Truck
A properly positioned TL can cover a building with a frontage of:
100 feet
Incendiary fire =
Designation by Fire Marshal
inentionally set by someone - presence of accelerant or fire setting device, 2 or more separate and distinct fires at same time, eye witness, confession, or a combustible substance deliberately placed at point of origin
Suspicious fire =
Desgination by IC
There are indications that the fire may have been set and all accidental causes HAVE NOT BEEN ELIMINATED
Trailers are:
material arranged to SPREAD FIRE
Plants are:
material arranged to START AND FEED INITIAL FIRE
Charring of the floor or low burn marks on the wall or under the door or on the lower part of the door can be a possible indication of:
Use of Flammable Accelerants
When an occupant or witness is giving you information about a suspicious fire, what information do you not put on the face of fire reports?
NAMES or STATEMENTS
At a fatal fire and arson investigation, a fire line must be established. Relatives, neighbors, spectators, media, and members of the dept shall not cross established fire lines unless authroized by:
ASSIGNED FIRE MARSHAL and/or CHIEF OF OPERATIONS
Do not move the body pending arrival of:
Fire marshal and Medical Examiner
How do most victims from fires die?
Asphyxiation in conjunction with CO poisoning, or spasm of the epiglottis (strangling), caused by inhalation of super-heated fire gases and smoke
What could indicate death prior to the fire?
ABSENCE OF CO in the Blood
What would indicate victim was alive at the time of fire?
CO may cause victim to appear life-like - Pink to Cherry Red color of Lips, Eyelids, or Skin
What is lividity?
settling of blood to the lowest horizontal areas of body; PINK or RED SKIN
When does lividity usally start? When is it completed?
1-2 hours after death
completed after 3 to 4 hours
Could indicate victim was moved after death and placed at the fire scene.
A pugilistic position does not indicate?
VIOLENCE or a STRUGGLE
How many firefighters is sufficient to establish the fire department contorl of the premises?
1 FF, fulfilling a watchline with a Hand Extinguisher
Safeguarding at the scene of Arson:
Request PD, but who is in charge?
Do Not Leave Only the Patrolman in Charge.
Both will be
What are the options to secure evidence?
- 1 Gallon Metal Can such as a NEW Paint Can (NEVER use a can that was previously used)
- Clean Glass Jar with a tightly fitted lid
- a Plastic Bag in an Emergency. Should be NEW, HEAVY GAUGE and used in PAIRS
Can you use a plastic container to secure evidence at an arson case?
yes. Try to AVOID use of plastic containers, but it is Not a Never!
Where possible, do not remove evidence pending arrival of:
a Fire Marshal
Evidence Collection and Preservation:
If a Fire Marshal is not responding -
Request Photo Unit to respond to take pictures
When labeling and marking evidence at the fire scene:
NEVER Label, Mark, or Alter Evidence in any way PRIOR to Photos
Evidence Cannot be left in the office unless:
it is Locked Up OR Someone else signs and stays with it
Continuity of Evidence
When an accelerant is used, where is the point of origin?
Exact Point or a General Area
Fire personnel usually must work backward in relation to the fire’s travel or spread. Work from:
Clean Area, to the Smoke Stained area, to the Heat Peeling area, to the Char area
Arson
What may help to locate the point of origin?
Ceiling damage
What is the normal travel of fire?
Upward and Outward
“V” pattern burns usually point _______ the point of origin
TOWARDS
becuase fire travel moves upwards and outwards; hence making a V
Absence of “V” pattern of burning could mean?
an Accelerant was used. May cause perpendicular burns on walls.
Multiple points of origin may indicate?
ARSON
each point must be examined before making a final decision
Heavy smoke stains remote from the point of origin, usually indicate:
SLOW fire build up
Light smoke stains usually indicate:
RAPID build up of the fire, Little Fire Damage and are found Close to the point of origin
Small crazing of glass means:
Is found?
Intense and Rapid Heat build up.
Closer to the point of origin
Large crazing of glass means:
Is found?
Slow Heat build up
Remoteness from the point of origin
Checkering of glass (half moon effects or marks) usually results from water being applied to heated glass.
This indicates the window was still in place when the firefighters operated at the fire.
Arson
Wood structural members may burn approximately:
1” every 45 minutes
Smaller blister type charring may indicate?
Longer Burning and Hot Fires
Lack of specific point of origin
What may identify the area of origin?
Extent of floor damage and depth of char
During what period(s) of traffic is danger of secondary collision greatest?
Light to Moderate
Upon the scene of an incident on a highway, you would be correct to:
Immediatel upon arrival Dispatcher Shall Be Notified to Request PD. If required authorized tow also.
Always notify PD, dont always have to notify a tow
When will a single fire unit response to a highway incident be ok?
Which unit will be dispatched?
When EMS units are on scene other than “Accidents with Injuries and/or pedestrian struck”
SINGLE LADDER
How long will the Ladder Co remain on scene for incident on highway?
for the DURATION of both Fire and EMS ops
to divert or block traffic
Where placement of apparatus will expose it to the possibility of fire extension, Pumper may be placed beyond the fire vehicle, but:
Second Apparatus, and Third if necessary, SHALL ALWAYS be placed between oncoming traffic and operating forces
Blocking (second) apparatus shall be placed where behind the operating unit?
AT LEAST 50 FEET
Members shall avoid standing on highway pavement to the rear of second apparatus, unless placing flares, cones or signs and:
TRAFFIC IS STOPPED
Flares should be placed:
and in groups of:
to Block 1 or 2 Lanes or to Completely Block a Roadway
4 to 6 flares
Before leaving the apparatus the member lights one flare and carrying the lit flare walks the proper distance to:
Place the FARTHEST flare / Cone FIRST
The furthest flare/cone is placed:
Moving the flares:
- About 2’ from the Edge of the Roadway
- Moving the flares about 2’ further into the roadway at each point
How many members are used to place flares/cones?
2
How do you determine the placement of flares?
Mph x 1st # = X + 60
ex 70 mph x 7 = 490 + 60 = 550 ft
Which position do you carry a flare?
HORIZONTAL
Flares burn for approximately:
30 minutes
Normally, operating across a center divider shall be avoided. If absolutely necessary:
Traffic shall be stopped in BOTH directions
When encountering a barrier, divider, or highway separation; the IC shall select an area for access after the following safety considerations:
- crossing is Visually ID’d
- use a tool to test surface on Opposte Side
- Communicate Location to All Members
- safe crossing corridor shall be the Only Means of Access and Egress (unless otherwise directed by IC)
- shall be clearly marked by CONES/BARRIER TAPE ——– NOT do not enter tape
When a hazardous separation is observed, the Roadway/Bridge Name, Location of Separation with approximate Size and Direction of Travel, along with a Highway Mileage Marker Designation, shall be subject of:
IMMEDIATE LETTERHEAD REPORT to the CHIEF OF OPERATIONS
For a fire in the engine compartment, where the hood is difficult to open, pry up the side of the hood and operate stream through this opening. Do Not:
Attempt to operate through the Front Grill
What kind of spray is used when magnesium parts are on fire?
COARSE SPRAY
Which car battery terminal is removed first?
NEGATIVE
High Voltage Cables in hybrid vehicels are color coded:
ORANGE and some BLUE
Many hybrid vehicles use a keyless start system. Make sure the vehicel is OFF and the key or key fob is:
at least 15 ft away from the vehicle
Make sure the READY light on hybrid vehices is Not On.
If the power is on, the high voltage system is Live and can shock you
At a hybrid vehicle fire, ALWAYS make sure the High Voltage Battery Case is:
Cooled Down to Prevent Re-Ignition
When placing any component of the Hurst Tool OOS, notify:
Tech Services ONLY DURING NORMAL BUSINESS HOURS
No exchanges will be made on Weekends or Holidays - notification shall be made on the next business day
What is the operating time of the batteries for the eDraulic Hurst Tools?
30 minutes
the Low Pressure Gauge of the Air Bag Regulator system shoulw be set to:
135 psi
Maximum internal air pressure of the air bag when used for lifting purposes is:
118 psi
the safety relief valve will prevent over-inflation
When do you change air cylinders during air bag operations?
when Pressure Falls BELOW 200 PSI (think 199 or below)
can be changed During the Operation
How much should air bags be inflated?
HALF to THREE QUARTERS of their rated height capacity
1/2 to 3/4
Do air bags, and blocks and shoring need a smooth surface to operate?
Air bags DONT
Blocks and Shoring DO
What is the temperature of a heated surface that the air bags cannot operate on?
Over 220 F (221 and more)
What is the average life span of the Maxiforce airbags?
10 years
Glow sticks will provide illumination for:
12 hours
Shake the glow stick until:
it glows Evenly
Glow sticks have been issued to all units. Each unit shall carry at least ____ glow sticks on their apparatus.
10
The Beluga Auto Glass Knife can be used on any standard _____ battery operated drill.
No need to remove or restart your cut. Penetrates less than ______ and only recipricates ____ upward.
3/8”
1”
3/8”
What is the priority order for shutting down a natural gas valve?
- APPLIANCE VALVE
- INTERIOR GAS RISER VALVE
- INDIVIDUAL METER VALVE
- MASTER METER VALVE
- HEAD OF SERVICE
- CURB/SERVICE VALVE
- MAIN VALVE
What is the area around the airbags members should treat as if they have not deployed?
at least 5" from side 10" from drivers 20" from passengers 5-10-20 rule
When operating at a MVA, when should you consider transmitting a 10-75 for an emergency?
When there are several vehicles with numerous patients
The hurst tool should be placed:
in the Front or Rear of the vehicle
What does the engine company do at an MVA?
Officer and 2 CFR trained FFs (with trauma bag and cervical collars) proceed to the scene of the accident.
REMAINING MEMBERS STECTH A PRECAUTIONARY HANDLINE
consider a foam handline for fire or hazardous conditions
When using the sawzill to cut the windshield of a car, or the Beluga Auto Glass Knife, for total roof removal you should:
Cut Across the BOTTOM of windshield
with the WOOD cutting Blade
Winshields use __________ glass
Sides and rear of a vehicel use _________ glass
Laminated safety
Tempered (being replaced with laminated glass or rigid plastics due to resistance)
Before any glass removal procedures are started during extraction, victims and/or rescuers should be protected from airborne glass debris. What are good choices of protection?
Salvage Plastic or Yellow Exposure Blankets
NOT Fabric Blankets because the tend to keep pieces of glass in the fabric
How do you know if the windshield saw blade is installed correctly?
TEETH FACING THE HANDLE
What is the last resort to cut a windhsield of an auto?
AXE
When a vehicle is on its roof, What is the preferred method of removing the door?
Attacking the HINGE Side.
Cut top then bottom hinges - be advised the lower hinge would now be the top hinge
Whether using the spreaders or cutters, ALWAYS remove the ________ hinge first
TOP
During Night Ops, Members attempting water rescue should not be allowed past:
LINE OF SIGHT
What is the Mammalian Diving Reflex (MDR)?
Victims submerged in water colder than 70 F for 30 to 60 minutes
The Colder the water and Younger the victim = Better Chance for survival
The loss of body heat occurs _____ faster in cold water than in air.
25x
How long til core body temperature begins to drop significantly?
approx 7 to 15 minutes
What is a good indicator of hypothermia?
Muscles tense and shiver. Irrational behavior (resisting help)
Who are the Water Safety Units?
remaining engine and ladder companies, AS WELL AS ALL BATTALIONS
When is the Secondary Rescue Team permitted to enter the water?
For a 2nd victim.
Primary objective is to ensure safety of primary rescue team
Each length of 2-1/2” hose can keep afloat:
approx 10 people
Can the officer ever be a rescuer and/or have a FF take over the role as Rescue Coordinator?
Yes, in rare instances when the officer is the only capable swimmer. Should be discussed at roll call
When the Water Rescue Unit is placing the victim in the stokes basket, how does the primary rescuer secure the victim?
Top Straps UNDER the ARMS
Bottom Straps OVER the ANKLES
Middle Straps Over ONE THIGH and UNDER the Other
While responding to a Water Rescue, the IC shall consider:
code TEN-8
- Request from Marine unit the direction of the TIDE
- verify ETA of Marine unit
- montior NYPD SOD channel
- use of the 800 MHz radio
All Water/Ice Rescue equipment shall be inspected:
JAJO (quarterly)
January, April, July and October
When is the water rescue suit removed from the carrying bag and hung on a broad shouldered hanger for at least 48 hours?
January + July
How should you supply air into the water rescue hose?
either SCBA or Fast-Pak USING THE HANSEN FITTING
Do not fill directly from cylinder.
If close enough, the apparatus air outlet may be used.
One 45-minute Cylinder can fill how many lengths of 2-1/2” hose in approximately 1 minute?
5
same as apparatus
When using the apparatus air outlet, how long will it take to fill five lengths of 2-1/2” hose?
1 minute
Same as cylinder
When multiple victims are needed to be rescued, what is the best option to deploy the hose?
Looped
straight line for incidents from a pier or shore involving only a few individuals
Units should have air-filled hose secured with:
UTILITY rope
Not LSR
The primary and back up rescuers wearing the cold water suits and a PFD. The tether line shall be attached to the _______ of the suit’s harness.
FRONT
think of an ICE CHEST
Ice Water Rescue
If the victim is beyond the reach of the 200 foot tether rope, rescuers can extend the reach of the line by combining other ropes. What other ropes may be used?
Tether
LSR
SEARCH ropes
Rescuers should enter the water __________ of the Long Shore Current (Sweep Tide)…
UPSTREAM
and swim with the current to reach the victim
Before the secondary rescuer loads the victim in the prone position onto the surfboard, the surfboard is:
Turned Upside Down
Victim is pulled perpendicular to the surfboard and their arms are pulled over the board.
At a Water rescue Dive Assist, an engine company shall hook up to a hydrant and have a hose line stretched and charged. This hoseline can be used to :
Cool back-up divers especially on very hot days
Decon divers
What is a major weakness in Private Dwellings from a firefighting and fire protection standpoint?
Open and Unenclosed stairs
Straight Line Colonial:
- BALLOON frame construction
- Utilities found in CELLAR
- Kitchen contains stairway leading to the side door and cellar
Cape Style Houses:
- 2 styles: Frame Cape and Wide Line Cape
FRAME: Front Entrance + usually Side entrance with a stoop
WIDE LINE: Rear Entrance and may have 2 window dormers normally facing street.
> Easiest Access 2nd Floor Via Portables Thru Windows on Exposure 2 + 4 Sides
Queen Anne:
- BALLOON Frame Construction
- 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 stories in Height
- 25 to 30 feet in Width
- 30 to 50 feet in Depth
- Large open stairs in living room connect 1st and 2nd floors.
- a Narrow Rear Or Side Stair connects 1st, 2nd and 3rd floors OR a Stair May Lead Directly to 3rd Floor From 1st Floor
- Vertical Arteries Supplied by Old Hot Air Ducts, Dumbwaiter Shafts, Boxed in Space Around Fireplaces and Pipe Recesses, Contribute to Undetected and Fast Upward Fire Travel
- Fire Escape will be attached to a Combustible Wall
- ** QUICK DETERMINATION FOR BALLOON FRAME IS TO REMOVE A BASEBOARD ON AN EXTERIOR WALL AND CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF SOLE PLATE***
- Roof ventilation is normally not an initial consideration.
- Many of the older and larger 2-1/2 to 3 story peaked roof PDs are built of Balloon Frame Construction
How do you determine if a Queen Anne structure is of Balloon Frame Construction?
Remove a Baseboard on an EXTERIOR WALL and check for the presence of a SOLE PLATE
Flat roof pd’s may have a decorative peak in the front. When there is an absence of a window in this peak it is an indication of?
a Flat Roof
Private Dwellings
When multiple secondary entrances (one with a stoop, and one at ground level) are found adjacent to each other on the same side of the building, this indicates most likely that:
One Secondary entrance at ground level will have a few steps leading to the kitchen and also a half flight of stairs leading to the cellar.
The Other Secondary Entrance with the stoop typically has a staircase that runs to the second floor, and may be the only access to that level.
The presence of a stoop at a secondary entrance on the 2 or 4 side may indicate:
that entrance leads to a second floor stairway
Especially Pertinent when there are multiple secondary entrances and only one or two offset windows are seen from the exterior on the Same Side of the dwelling as the stoop entrance. These offset windows are at the top and/or bottom of the second floor staircase and SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR VEIS
What are some possible indications of Multiple Families in PDs turned to SRO’s?
- number of electric meters
- several mailboxes
- fire escapes
- multiple entrance doors
- numerous cars in driveway
- exterior cellar/basement entrance
- garage doors removed and replaced with a normal entrance
Modern three family MDs are often built with three separate entrances that have no common area. These structures require what kind of tactics?
Private dwelling - due to their PD style design
Platform frame construction:
limits fire extension
Balloon frame construction:
lacks fire stopping between floors on exterior walls, allowing for rapid fire extension
Combustible exterior walls in PD may contribue to:
Auto Exposure
Private Dwellings
Windows with sills that are approximately chest high may require a drop of:
5-6 feet to Floor Level
immediately upon entering, CONSIDER placing a dresser, chair etc below this window to assist in egress.
When transmitting a 10-75 at a private dwelling fire, what must also be transmitted?
Whether roof is Flat or Peaked - if this can be determined upon arrival.
What is the primary consideration in the placement of the first hose line for access to a fire in the cellar when an interior attack is ordered at a PD?
via the Entrance door that provides the QUICKEST ACCESS to the fire area.
Main entrance or a Secondary entrance door
What are some possible indications of a cellar fire at a PD?
- Fire or Smoke venting from a cellar window
- Smoke pushing from the chimney (especially during warmer weather)
- High heat and heavy smoke with no visble fire on first floor
- Very hot floorboards on the 1st floor or smoke showing from baseboard areas on the first floor
- Smoke from attic windows or louvered vents (especially in older homes with balloon frame construction)
Private Dwellings
The status of the interior cellar door is a critical factor. If conditions permit:
The statis and door construction should be determined and communicated to the IC
Members operating on the first floor above a cellar fire must be aware that they are operating in a very dangerous area; especially important when:
Members are working over LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTED FLOORS REGARDLESS OF THE FIRE SEVERITY
The IC (Chief or Company Officer) should Consider ordering an exterior hose line operated into a cellar window to allow for quick knockdown when there will be a delay in applying water from the interior or whenever fire conditions dictate. Examples:
- Unable to quickly access and advance down the interior cellar stair
- Unable to Locate secondary entrance
- Unable to locate Any cellar entrance
- At a SERIOUS or ADVANCED cellar fire
- Cellar fire involving LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
- High heat at top of stairs
- Questionable stability of stairway
- No members are Operating in the cellar
- IN AN EMERGENCY such as Members
< Trapped by fire
< Endangered by fire because a collapse has occurred
When are bilco style doors used to advance the first hoseline down to a cellar fire in a PD?
when it is the ONLY OPTION
Where is the first hoseline stretched for a cellar fire in Detached and Semi-Attached PD’s?
The Secondary entrance found on the SIDE or REAR
Private Dwellings
The first hoseline advanced through the main entrance and was met with high heat conditons at the top of the interior cellar stairs. Unable to advance the line they maintained their position to protect the first floor. When is that first hoseline able to move their position?
The first hoseline will remain on the first floor until the cellar FIRE IS CONTROLLED
Who can make the decision to reposition the first hose line to a secondary entrance at a PD cellar fire?
CHIEF ONLY! (Acting Chief Officer also)
- Ladder Co Members operaing on the FIRST FLOOR MUST be withdrawn before the first hose line is repositioned from that floor
- Members operating on the Upper Floors may also need to be withdrawn to a Safe Area if no portables are positioned and readily available
Initially what does the second hoseline do at a PD cellar fire?
Position and Charged OUTSIDE the fire building as a back-up. When not needed to back-up, it can be used to extinguish any fire that may extend to floors above or be positioned as per IC
First floor fire at a PD. Who ensures the cellar is examined?
2nd DUE TRUCK
1st Due Truck Attempts Examination of cellar fire
Private Dwelling - building fully involved
When the first arriving engine company backstretches to a hydrant:
They should drop 2 Handlines in front of the building
A fully involved PD, the first arriving engine company should consider:
stretching 2-1/2” hose line for faster knock down, greater reach of stream, increased water flow, and increased exposure protection.
Also when encountering a Wind Impacted Fire OR a Heavily Involved FIRST FLOOR Fire in a Larger Style PD (Queen Anne)
keyword CONSIDER
Private Dwellings
If more than one occupant is found on an upper floor, who shall ensure that adequate staffing is assigned to effect their removal?
What is the primary function of the engine company during this critical period?
IC - think of it because they’re coordinating the operations and the additionl units and it is 2 or more victims which would require more hands.
Protect the Interior Stairs
Platform Construction extends from floor to ceiling of each individual level…
They are capped at the ceiling with a horizontal 2” x 4” called a TOP PLATE
Private Dwellings
Which beam is load bearing and which is not?
(Tail and Trimmer)?
Tail = NOT load bearing
Trimmer = IS LOAD BEARING
True or false
The 1st due truck operating at a PD fire, will attempt an examination of the cellar for fire even if the fire is on the first or upper floors?
TRUE
Attempt an Examination
2nd due ENSURES examination
What does the 2nd Ladder Co do at a PD fire?
- ENSURE Roof Ventilation for Flat Roof
- ENSURE Cellar is Examined for fire
- SHUT DOWN UTILITIES**
- Examine above the fire and exposures for extension
At PD cellar fires, if the first ladder did not advance into the cellar, and a second hoseline has been stretched via a secondary entrance, the 2nd Ladder Co shall:
Perform search and examination of the cellar Using this Seconary Entrance In Coordination with the Engine Company
At a PD fire, when should the first LCO have members conduct an interior search of the floors above?
IF 2ND DUE WILL NOT ARRIVE WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME!
Slightly delayed does not fall under this category*
Who initiates removal of window bars on the front and rear of PD’s?
1st Ladder OUTSIDE Team
Initiate Early in the Operation if conditions allow
Search and Rescue Duties may preclude window bar removal
At a peaked roof PD, what are the duties of the Roof and OVM FFs if there is no visible life hazard?
Perform VEIS of an area on an UPPER FLOOR that is most likely to be occupied.
Tools for both are: Portable ladder, 6’ Halligan Hook And/Or Halligan
In situations where size up indicates an obvious occupied attic:
1st and 2nd LCCs, teamed together, may utilize the aeiral ladder or TL to VEIS the attic area.
When the first arriving Roof/OV team is using the aerial ladder for VEIS, the second arriving Roof/OV team shall survey the sides and rear of the PD and:
WILL OPERATE with portables on upper floors in areas with the greatest possible life hazard
Same for when 1st roof/ov team is using their TL for VEIS.
Private Dwellings
Prior to proceeding to the floors above via the interior stairs, who does the 2nd LCO notify?
company officers (both LCO + ECO) operating on the fire floor.
At top floor fires in attached PD’s, who examines exposures for possible extension?
2nd due truck
Peaked Roof Operations
The venting or removing of attic windows or louvers is frequently sufficient for ventilation purposes. When required, who is assigned to this duty?
normally Second due Truck
What is the Order of Preference for Peaked Roof Roof Access?
- TOWER LADDER
- Aerial Ladder
- Portables
What is the preferred position of the TL apparatus at a peaked roof PD?
If the apparatus cannot be placed in preferred position?
PARALLEL to the FRONT of the Building, so the basket can be placed OVER THE CORNER of the Building NEAR the Peak
PLACE BASKET TO THE “VALLEY” AREA WHERE A HOOK LADDER CAN BE USED TO REACH THE PEAK.
How do you position an aerial ladder to a peaked roof PD?
position the apparatus to facilitate raising and extending the ladder Over the Corner of the building.
EXTEND AT LEAST 5’ ABOVE AND TO ONE SIDE OF THE PEAK.
If not - position it to the valley area where a hook ladder can be used to reach the peak.
Can a portable ladder be raised to a dormer roof or into the valley on the side of the dormer?
YES - a 35’ extension ladder may be raised where a hook ladder can be used to reach the peak.
A portable extension ladder can be used from the porch roof to the main peak (ensure that the butt end is securely placed onto the porch roof.
Where is the first hole of the initial vent hole of a peaked roof PD?
should be made at the MAIN GABLE
- a Center Hall usually follows the same direction as the main gable
How do you cut a peaked roof with an axe?
Working from a position straddling the peak, cut a hole over the fire PARALLEL TO AND ON THE LEE SIDE OF THE RIDGE
size of opening is limited by members reach and maneuverability, but Generally about 2’x3’
- 6’ hook (10’ for Queen Anne) should be brought to roof to push down ceiling after hole is cut
Flat roof dwellings access the the roof via:
- Aerial
- TL
- Portables, dependent upon topography and other conditions
If conditions negate the use of the aerial, TL, or portable ladder to the roof of a flat roof dwelling, what is another option?
Take a Scissor Ladder to a similar uninvolved attached exposure top floor to gain access to the roof via the scuttle
IN ATTACHED WOOD FRAME TYPE PD, THE IMMEDIATE ADJOINING SHOULD NOT BE USED.
If conditions negate the use of the aerial, TL, or portable ladder to the roof of a flat roof dwelling, what is another option - For Attached PD’s of ordinary brick construction where firewalls exist between buildings, choose:
bring scissor ladder via scuttle -
The Bulding Offering the Easiest Access to its Interior
What tools does the 2nd due Roof FF bring to a Flat roof PD?
6’ Halligan Hook and SAW
In attached PD’s, if necessary, who teams-up to check IDLH exposures?
2nd OV + LCC
Private Dwellings
When the OV and LCC of first arriving ladder have teamed up:
OV and LCC of Second arriving ladder should team up and VEIS areas on an UPPER FLOOR Not Covered/Searched by the 1st OV/LCC
Two Family Dwellings
For cellar and first floor fires, if no visible life hazard is found, the 1st due Roof/OV team shall:
VEIS the FIRST FLOOR Windows and Assist in Searches
Private Dwellings
The ladder company shall maintain interior cellar door control until:
a Charged hose line Advances via the Secondary entrance
Private Dwellings
If the Engine Company requires assistance in order to advance the line through the cellar, the Ladder Company shall:
Send 1 member of the interior team to provide assistance, while the LCO and other member Complete the Primary Search of the FIRST FLOOR
Private Dwellings
When there is a secondary entrance and the first hoseline does not advance down the interior cellar stair, What does the 1st and 2nd due inside teams do?
1st Inside team will Assume Responsibility for primary search and examination of the FIRST FLOOR AND FLOORS ABOVE
2nd Inside team will coordinate their advance with the second hoseline into the Cellar via a Secondary Entrance and Assume Responsibility for primary search and examination of the CELLAR
Private Dwellings
Members opening knee walls in attic spaces should:
AVOID OPENING WALLS NEAR THE STAIRS - fire venting from these openings could block members egress
Private Dwellings
Due to limited means of access to most attics, the ladder company must be prepared to asisst the engine in alternate means of getting water on the fire. How can that be achieved?
OPENING UP A 3’ SECTION of the ceiling on the floor below. The engine can then operate from a SMALL EXTENSION LADDER to sweep the attic space with the hoseline
In any building construction, the critical area subject to failure as a result of fire is:
the POINT OF CONNECTION
For fires in “Traditional” private dwellings built of ordinary/wood frame construction, what is not a primary consideration?
Early Collapse NOT a primary consideration.
For fires in “Traditional” private dwellings built of ordinary/wood frame construction, the duration and intensity of fire, the size of the structural components, and the type of construciton involved; the amount of time before collapse occurs is generaly estimated to be:
However, when there is no ceiling to provide protection, therefore exposing structural components, failure can occur:
an HOUR
WITHIN 20 MINUTES
In Private Dwellings constructed with Lightweight Materials, when fire extends from the building’s contents to its structural components, collapse may occur:
WITHIN 5 TO 10 MINUTES
with Little or No Warning Signs
What is the primary consideration in private dwellings constructed with lightweight materials?
COLLAPSE is ALWAYS the Primary Consideration
Positioning 1st hose line for early extinguishment or control of a contents fire that has not extended to the structural components is of PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE
What is generally an indication of lightweight construction in a PD?
Areas unsupported by columns greater than 25’ Apart.
LWC creates large rooms*
What is a trussloft?
An enclosed area between floor and ceiling where open truss construction is found
Floor coverings using cement board, lightweight concrete, nylon pile carpet and tile will _______ heat under the floor making it _________ to detect hot spots on the floor above the fire.
RETAIN
DIFFICULT
What is the most common type of peaked roof found in lightweight construction PD’s?
Open Web Lightweight Wood Truss
It can be expected to COLLAPSE AS ONE COMPLETE UNIT
NYC Building Code requires lightweight constructed spaces between the ceiling and the floor above or the ceiling and roof above the be Divided into approximately equal areas of:
Unless the building is equipped with:
500 sq ft or less
An Automatic Sprinkler System
Any cantilevered deck/balcony should be considered a:
SERIOUS COLLAPSE POTENTIAL
Lightweight Parallel Chord Wood Truss:
- only penetrate 1/4” - 1/2” into the wooden truss member
- GANG NAILS are the Weakest Point of the Support System
(will fail here at the Point of Connection) - fire which has entered a ceiling (trussloft) or roof space may likely affect all truss supports on that level, creating a potential Large-Scale Collapse
Composite Truss:
- similar in design to a lightweight parallel chord wood truss but comprised of 2 types of material: WOOD and STEEL
- Space Joist (sheet metal web attached to wood)
- lose strength and fail rapidly
Laminated Wood I-Beams:
- may span over 60 feet
- Strength of the Beam is a function of the Mass of the Flange and the Depth of the Web
- Fire-Retardant material sprayed on the beam will tend to dry out the wood over time, reducing its strength
- will burn rapidly
Metal C-Joists:
- In order to stabilize the building, the joists must be braced with Strapping and/or Blocking to prevent them from twisting
- Heavy fire and smoke on a floor or in the cellar with little or no smoke on the floor or floors above may be an indication of a Concrete or Gypsum Floor poured over Corrugated Steel (Q-Decking) supported by C-joists. Dead Load may lead to early floor collapse.
A heavy fire and smoke condition on a floor or in the cellar, with little or no smoke on the floor or floors above may be an indication of
a Concrete or Gypsum Floor poured over Corrugated Steel (Q-Decking) supported by C-joists. Dead Load may lead to early floor collapse.
Private Dwellings
Once the fire enters the concealed space containing lightweight trusses or joists:
Notify IC Immediately
All members directed not to enter the fire area or above until IC determines risk of a planned coordinated interior attack
Private Dwellings:
When inspection holes are made the TIC should be used to determine if any heat is present in and around the:
METAL GUSSET PLATES & C-JOISTS
The primary emphasis for a fire in a lightweight building under construction is that of an exterior attack; unless:
Fire is MINOR - or - Confined to a SMALL Area
The presence of smoke pushing at the floor line on the outside of a building may be an indication of:
a fire in a Trussloft.
When this warning sign is evident at a PD fire, it is an indication that the probability of collapse is significantly increased.
Any floor or roof support system that has been heavily damaged due to fire should be:
HYDRAULICALLY OVERHAULED from a safe area using the reach of the stream.
Members should not operate directly Above or Below the structurally damaged area, INLCUDING THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE JOIST.
What is of Paramount Importance for the engine company at a PD fire with lightweight construction?
positioning 1st hoseline for a Quick Knock-Down of a Contents fire that has not extended to the Structural Components.
Private Dwellings LWC
if a 2nd hoseline is needed to address a potential life hazard or is directed by the IC to a location remote from the 1st hoseline:
a 3rd hoseline must be positioned as a back-up line
*IC shall special call an additional engine company for a structural fire in a building constructed of lightweight materials
Private Dwellings LWC
When must an outside operation be considered?
When the fire is of such magnitude that it cannot be quickly knocked down with the 2 hoselines
When lightweight construction is suspected, the first arriving ladder company shall:
Make an Inspection Hole in the Ceiling from a safe area IMMEDIATELY UPON ARRIVAL
When fire is located in the Cellar or First Floor and conditions prevent visual identification of the type of construction:
An examination could be made in a similar attached exposure - This inspection shall be assigned by the IC to an AVAILABLE UNIT
Company Officer doesnt send member to exposure, Unless they are the IC
Private Dwellings LWC
When fire is on the Top Floor and there is Clear Indication that fire Has Not entered the cockloft, roof ops shall be limited to:
- Checking rear and sides of building
- Venting top floor windows and skylights if present
- INSPECTING HVAC DUCTS FOR UNUSUAL HEAT
* all members shall be removed from the roof upon completion of these duties
Private Dwellings LWC
When fire is on the Top Floor and there is Clear Indication that fire Has extended to the cockloft:
IC shall be Immediately Notified, and members shall Not be permitted to operate on the roof.
What are the key size-up indicators for the IC at a PD with lightweight construction?
Code ELVS
- Extent of fire (light, medium, heavy)
- Loction of the fire
- Volume of smoke and fire (light, medium, heavy)
- Smoke action (pushing, twisting, or rolling under pressure)
Lofts can be what construction class?
1, 2, 3, 6
What is the least common type of constructed lofts?
Mill (Heavy Timber)
What is the most common type of constructed lofts?
Fireproof - also the newest
Cast Iron Lofts:
1840s - 1870s
- Max 7 to 8 stories
- front and rear exterior walls of brick, stone or iron. Side exterior walls of brick.
- Frontage is usually 25 feet (indicating no interior columns), with depths reaching 90 feet and frontage on only one street.
- Larger buildings can be irregularly (L-shape) constructed; with frontage on 2 Adjacent streets or 200 feet deep with frontage on 2 Parallel streets.
- Height between Floor and Ceiling is MINIMUM 8 FT
- One unenclosed Wooden stair, often winding around the elevator shaft or one straight run stair.
- Wooden Interior Cellar Stairs may be remote from main stairs.
Newer Cast Iron Lofts:
1880s - 1901
- Exterior walls made from brick, stone, frame wrought-iron/cast iron, or steel
- may be Built Higher and Wider than Older Cast Iron lofts (8-12 stories, 50 ft wide, 90 feet deep)
- also Larger Irregularly (P-shaped) constructed. Up to 100 feet Frontages and 200 feet Depths.
- All Exterior Walls Have a MINIMUM 3 HOUR FIRE RESISTIVE RATING
- Generally 2 Interior Stairways located inside Enclosed Walls having a 2 hour fire resistive rating
- Automatic Sprinklers and Standpipes Required by Law
Mill Lofts:
aka Heavy Timber
- 4 to 6 stories
- All 4 Exterior Walls LOAD-BEARING and constructed of brick, concrete block, or stone. Exterior walls and interior columns are typically larger on lower levels. Walls have built in sockets to accept floor girders and joists.
- Interior Non Load-Bearing walls will Also be of Non-Combustible Materials.
- Dimensions are commonly Rectangular ranging from 100-150 feet Frontages to up to 200 feet in Depth.
- High Ceilings with Vertical Openings
- Interior large dimensional wooden columns, chamfered with beveled corners make them harder to ignite.
- FIRE TOWER STAIRS + Elevators are placed on the perimeter.
- Automatic Sprinkler and Standpipe required by law.
Fireproof Lofts:
- exterior walls of brick, cement block, masonry, stone or metal and Floors constructed of Steel-Reinforced Concrete.
- Range from 10-15 Stories
- Rectangular dimensions between 50-100 feet or more in Width; 75 to 200 feet Deep (Some can Span an Entire Block)
- can be INTERCONNECTED by automatic fire doors or joined via exterior bridges (SKYWALKS)
- Interior Stairs are Enclosed, one or more fire towers may be provided in buildings over 75’.
- Automatic Sprinkler and Standpipe required by law
- When used for storage they often have their windows removed and blocked-up negating routine horizontal ventilation.
Where can elevator shafts be found in Lofts?
Passenger + freight elevators: normally located WITHIN THE AREA OF THE FRONT WALL
If a loading dock is present, Freight Elevators may be found 20 feet Inward from the Front of the Building
Where are enclosed air and light shafts normally found in Older Cast Iron Lofts?
CENTER OF DEEP LOFT BUILDINGS
a good place to locate one is Inside the 1st Floor BATHROOM.
Iron window shutters may be found where in older cast iron lofts?
REAR and SIDE Walls
True or False
All cast iron columns exposed to fire will shatter when cooled by a hoseline?
FALSE
however, if an improperly cast column is cooled by a hoseline it can contract disproportionately leading to potential failure.
At 1,100 F, cast iron loses _______ of its original strength.
58%
The strength lost is Cumulative and is NEVER REGAINED!
A structural cast iron column unable to move will crack.
Lofts:
In some cases, straight run stairs do not go all the way to the rear wall. They terminate at an upper level floor where a more common return type stair begins. This is the reult of:
Add-on Floor Construction
Fire Towers are ideal for fire department use as:
EVACUATION STAIRS
should Not be utilized as ATTACK STAIRS since heat and the products of combustion tend to be drawn into them hindering hoseline advancement and operation.
Mill Lofts tend to have:
Large Open Floor Areas - a max of 20,000 sg ft of open floor areas was the general rule.
*Think of warehouses
What is a unique construction design of Fireproof Lofts?
Flat Slab “Mushroom” Floors
these floors enhance the load-bearing capacity of the column; provide a greater clear height from floor to floor than beam and girder construction thereby creating an overall reduction of building height which can equate to more stories being built.
Loading docks at Loft buildings can provide firefighting units with:
Excellent Access Points into the building.
What is the initial hose line at Lofts?
2-1/2”
due to heigh of the buildings, large open areas, etc.
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
The officer supervising the second hose line should not advance to the floor above until:
Assured the first hoseline is making progress and is capable of handling the fire floor.
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
All hoseline commitment and coordination must be communicated to:
ALL OFFICERS IN THE FIRE SECTOR
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
For advanced fires, a quick knock-down using the engine’s deck pipe will allow for a rapid interior attack once a hoseline is in position. Outside streams should be used:
ONLY AS LONG AS NECESSARY TO EXTINGUISH VISIBLE FIRE.
Who can order the use of LCS at Lofts?
ONLY THE IC
This includes the First Engine Officer
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
For a fire on a lower floor, What shall the third engine company do?
Stretch 2nd hose line (with assistance of 4th due) and OPERATE AS ORDERED BY IC.
- Either augment 1st line on fire floor or advance to floor above
- Also Ensure the sprinkler system is supplied.
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
What should engine companies consider for an upper floo fire in one of thes buildings?
consider utilizing the High Rise Nozzle
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
The 2nd arriving ladder company is responsible to VES:
the FLOORS ABOVE
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
After completion of laddering duties, What should LCC’s do at cellar or sub cellar fires?
Assist ventilation by opening up Sidewalk Access Points.
This should be accomplished while remaining in the front of the building.
Cast-Iron and Mill Lofts:
Who brings the saw to a top floor fire?
2nd due Roof
Generally large caliber outside streams should not be directed into occupied buildings. In some circumstances like: fire conditions or a life hazard may demand such use. What are a couple examples of this?
- Fire extending via the cockloft and the top floor is untenable
- Handlines cannot advance due to fire conditions
What is the best water supply source for a TL?
Satellite Unit
What is the recommended pressure at the gated inlet for a TL utilizing its LCS?
200 - 250 psi
When stretching a 3-1/2” supply line to a TL, ensure what end is stretched to the gated inlet?
MALE END
men climb over gates-Male End to the Gated Inlet
Men stick their dicks In-Male End to Gated Inlet
True or False
Water should always be shut down at the supply pumper when a TL LCS is in service.
TRUE
ALWAYS shut down at supply pumper
When the fire building is heavily involved or there are multiple floors of fire, LCS delivery should generally start:
AT THE LOWEST LEVEL AND WORK UPWARD
*two exceptions
For an advanced fire in a row frame, LCS delivery should generally start:
at the TOP FLOOR AND INTO THE COCKLOFT
*Exception to the rule
For a fire in common cockloft exposure protection, LCS delivery should generally start:
Commence LCS attack at the Leading Edge of the structure and traverse towards the middle to facilitate extinguishment
*exception to the rule
At H-type with fire showing out windows in the front, courtyard and throat, the TL stream should be directed:
At the windows in the THROAT FIRST, then advanced toward the front of the building, and finally operated into the front windows
Operating TL stream into roof vent holes is generally:
INEFFECTIVE and may result in a prolonged operation
Which TL stream tip is preferable when deep penetration of the stream is necessary to hydraulically overhaul stock?
1-1/2” tip
When using the maul from the TL bucket to breach cinder blocks, where do you start?
at the TOP
When using the saw from the TL bucket, where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuts made?
1st + 2nd at the brick work since the easiest cut is at the mortar joint and the blade at this\ point will usually be worn
The TL may be used as a high point anchor. Where is the preferred location for the high point anchor?
UNDER THE BUCKET
What type of building is described:
3 to 5 stories in height with a cellar
the interior is of combustible construction, while the exterior shell is made of non-combustible materials.
Width varies 20-25’
Depth up to 60’
Iron ladder (usually found in a closet) gives access from the top floor to the roof through a scuttle
BROWNSTONES
In Brownstones, the presence of sprinklers may indicate:
Absence of a fire escape. However, most brownstones Do Not have fire escapes
What is the size of the cockloft in a brownstone?
2-3’
Who controls initial vertical ventilation at a brownstone?
All horizontal and Initial vertical ventilation controlled, communicated, and coordinated by LCO inside the fire area. 1st due LCO
What are the duties of 1st LCC at a brownstone fire when Roof FF indicates no need for LSR rescue?
Place ladder to TOP FLOOR for VEIS.
select window other than window over the main entrance (other rooms are deadman’s room - large railroad flat style).
When there is fire on the 3rd floor of a 4-story brownstone it can readily be seen that entry into the top floor via aerial may be nagted until the fire has been darkened down. The chauffeur shall:
Wait until the posibility of lapping fire has been eliminated, the VENT ALL WINDOWS ON TOP FLOOR. Entry into top floor when teamed up with another member.
What does the 1st arriving OV bring to a top floor fire at a brownstone?
HALLIGAN + SAW in place of the hook
Brownstones
No rear rescue is needed, where does the 1st OV go?
return to front and VEIS Top Floor with LCC
Brownstones
For top floor fires, pending the arrival of the saw to the roof, the Roof FF shall:
Open up the Returns
Duties of the 2nd arriving LCC at a brownstone:
*Position apparatus and place in PTO for use by the Roof FF
Brownstones
2nd due OV at a top floor fire:
After checking the rear, Report to ROOF to assist in ventilation and opening up of the roof OR go into an Exposure as directed by their officer.
If FE present, VEIS apartment above with the 2nd ROOF FF
Brownstones
1st OV of a TL:
operate the bucket for roof access, bring saw and LSR to roof. 1. Roof - WAIT 2. Fire Floor - VENT 3. Top Floor - VEIS
What does the second hoseline do at a cellar fire in a brownstone?
Back up the first line;
if first line was used to secure the first floor, second line will be Stretched to Cellar via Interior Cellar Stair
What does the first engine company do at a brownstone fully involved?
Drop 2 hoselines in front of the building and position apparatus for the possible use of multiverse or to supply a TL
Brownstone Building Fully Involved
Line placement:
- INTO building
- INTO building as back up
- Ordered by IC:
- into fire building
- stretched to an exposure
- stretched Through an exposure to the Rear Yard of the fire building
Special call an extra engine and truck when at a brownstone?
2 Floors of fire
When do you transmit a 2nd alarm at a brownstone?
Heavy Fire in Cellar and 1st Floor
What type of building is described:
two to five stories
20-30’ Wide
Depths ranging from 40 to 60 feet
Rowframes
Are row frames balloon or braced frame construction?
Can be EITHER
What is the salient feature of row frames?
Common Cocklft
What is the size of the cockloft in Rowframes?
One foot to a height Tall Enough for a Member to Stand In
How do you access the roof of a Rowframe?
Scuttle usually Near the Skylight over the stairs has an iron ladder from the top floor
What are the major defects of Rowframes?
Lack of fire stopping and the vast quantity of combustible material used in construction
Collapse Dangers in Rowframes:
- Heavy fire in cockloft will burn roof supports and cause the collapse of the roof INTO THE TOP FLOOR
- When a serious fire burns out the entire first floor, there is danger of collapse, especially in CORNER BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS STANDING ALONE
Rowframes OLT type
When fires on the 3rd floor how do you ladder the building?
Aerial for VEIS of fire apt 3rd floor or above
1st and 2nd floor use Portables
What is the order of preference for roof access for Rowframes?
- Aerial
- 2nd Aerial
- Not Immediate Adjoining
When can the scuttle ladder be used to descend at a Rowframe fire?
when fire is UNDER CONTROL
NEVER used to descend to lower floors unless fire is under control
Rowframe
What does the 1st Roof FF do when there is no fire escape and they have completed their roof responsibilities?
Descend aerial ladder and team up with chauffeur for VEIS of the top floor
Top floor fire Rowframe 3 window type
What tools does 2nd Roof FF bring?
Saw + 6’ Halligan Hook
The 2nd Roof FF operating at a top floor fire in a brownstone type Rowframe may:
Make Examination holes in the Returns of the Exposures to check for extension.
Report results to company officer and IC
What does the 1st OV of a TL do at Rowframes after Waiting for completion of roof size up:
Brownstone type?
OLT type?
Brownstone = reposition to Fire floor for Vent, then reposition for VEIS of Top floor
OLT = Vent Fire Floor
What is the order of preference for roof access for a Rowframe when the 1st arriving truck is a TL?
- Basket
- 1st Aerial ladder
- Adjoining building - Not Immediate Adj
An engine company ordered to strecthed a hoseline to the top floor of an exposure for purposes of extinguishing the fire in the cockloft at Rowframes should:
take a 6’ Hook to pull ceilings
Fire in the cellar of Rowframe, the first hoseline can be advanced to the top floor to cover any extension to that area or the cockloft:
After the Cellar Fire has been controlled by the 2nd hoseline.
*when 1st line was used to protect public hall, interior stairs, and the first floor because unable to advance down to cellar.
Rowframes
If the first hoseline has advanced into the cellar, and a backup line is not needed:
the 2nd hoseline shall extinguish any fire on the first floor then PROCEED TO THE TOP FLOOR checking intervening floors
Fully Involved Rowframe and Fire in Exposures (Holding Operation)
1st arriving engine:
Stretch one 3-1/2” supply line for TL and a hoseline FOR ENTERING THE BUILDING
Fully Involved Rowframe and Fire in Exposures (Holding Operation)
2nd arriving engine:
if not needed to back up 1st hoseline - Stretch to the TOP FLOOR of the MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE
Fully Involved Rowframe and Fire in Exposures (Holding Operation)
3rd arriving engine:
- If 2nd line Needed to back up the first hoseline, THIRD hoseline is stretched to the TOP FLOOR of the MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE.
- *IF 2nd line Stretched to the top floor of the most severe exposure, THIRD line is stretched to Top Floor of OPPOSITE EXPOSURE
Vacant Buildings in a Row of Occupied Frames:
first to arrive engine company:
should drop 2 lines: one a 3-1/2” supply line for TL and a hoseline to enter the Most Severe Exposure
Vacant Buildings in a Row of Occupied Frames 1st hoseline:
to MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE
Vacant Buildings in a Row of Occupied Frames 2nd hoseline:
if not needed to back up the first hoseline, shall be stretched to the FIRE BUILDING OR TO OPPOSITE EXPOSURE
Vacant Buildings in a Row of Occupied Frames 3rd hoseline:
stretch to FIRE BUILDING OR TO OPPOSITE EXPOSURE, depending on where the second hoseline was stretched
Vacant Buildings in a Row (Rowframes):
1st to arrive engine:
stretch 3-1/2” to supply a TL, and stretches a hoseline for use of the EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING.
Inline pumping should be given consideration
Vacant Buildings in a Row, 1st hoseline:
Initially operate from the exterior until TL, Multiversal or a Heavy Caliber Stream can be placed into operation.
Hoseline is then strecthed INTO THE MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE
Vacant Buildings in a Row, 2nd hoseline:
If not needed to back up 1st line, stretch to the Opposite Exposure OR Through an Exposure to Rear Yard
Rowframes
When a floor is fully involved in fire from front to rear:
ADVISABLE to call for additional Engine and Ladder
Rowframes
2 or more floors are fully involved, or a top floor fire has extended into the cockloft:
Need for a 2nd alarm must be CONSIDERED
Rowframes
When 2 buildings are involved:
we have a 2nd Alarm situation
prompt consideration must be given to transmitting a 3rd alarm when it extends beyond 2 buildings
LSR:
- 9/16” in diameter
- weighs 14.5 lbs
- Continuous Filament of Nylon 707
- 150 ft Shrinkage up to 8 to 10’
- Minimum Breaking Strength of 9,000lbs
- Working Load 600 lbs*
Communication with who is vital prior to LSR rescue attempt?
Inside Team of Ladder Co
and notification directly to IC or Sector Supervisor
What happens when the LSR gets wet?
Can lose 10 to 15% of its strength. (this occurs when rope is submerged in water at room temp for 24 hrs.)
Allow to dry naturally
ROPE REGAINS ITS STRENGTH WHEN IT DRIES***
Immediately after a LSR has been subjected to the weight of 1 person:
Rope shall be carefully examined for any signs of damage or abrasion before being placed back in service.
- Proper journal entires by Officer, also entry IN RED on the RP-100.
- *The Officer, after supervising the examination, shall notify SAFETY COMMAND by TELEPHONE
When will the LSR begin to lose its strength due to heat?
When will it melt?
exposed to heat OVER 300 F
Melt at 482 F
A Hockle in the LSR will reduce the stength by:
40 to 50%
LSR Training Rope:
- 100 ft of length
- Weight 10 lbs
- NEVER used without the Landing Mat positioned beneath the Line of Descent
- Case is Yellow with Black Lettering
- One End of the rope shall be identified by Tape Affixed to the Hook (NOT RED)
- Max # of slides is 100 per end - 200 Total
After each single slide with the training rope:
remove twist in the rope which is Between the Substantial Object and the Parapet.
Also, remove the twist in the rope at the Base of the Building
Life Saving Training Rope and Landing Mat may be used at heights to a Max of:
3 stories
The exhaust port of the Landing Mat should face:
Directly AWAY from the building or to either side.
NEVER placed directly against the building wall
How long does it take the Landing Mat to inflate/deflate?
Inflate = 60 seconds Deflate = about 5 mins (allow to deflate naturally)
When the motor of the Landing Mat doesnt operate or if it stops operating during use:
- Remove plug from outlet
- Allow motor to cool for approx 5 mins
- after cooling period, press Red Reset Button located on the Back of the motor
- Connect plug to outlet
* If motor continually fails to operate - place OOS
The Atlas Life Belt is placed OOS when subjected to an Impact Load. What is considered a sufficient impact load?
Free Falling 3 Feet or More
The Personal Harness is made of nylon webbing and has a Minimum Breaking Strength of:
6,000 lbs
Each harness has a unique ID # stamped onto a metal tag permanently attached on the:
What harnesses have what letter at the end of the serial number?
INSIDE OF THE LEFT LEG STRAP
Small = S
Medium = NO Letter
Extra Large = Xl
No size Large
When is the personal harness to be inspected by the member?
- when ISSUED
- REPLACED
- RETURNED
- START OF EACH TOUR
- AFTER EACH USE
PSS:
- 50’ Kermantle Rope 7.5mm in diameter
- 5,000 lbs at the Tip
- 10,000 lbs at the Saddle
- Work load is 300 lbs
How many inches of rope shall you maintain between the EXO and the Anchor Hook of the PSS?
8”
Depress cam and pull 3-6” thru the EXO to ensure device function properly. Then pull rope back thru EXO leaving 8”
Every firefighting unit up to and including Battalion Chief has been issued how many spare PSS?
ONE
If a portable generator is used to power an exhaust fan, what is the ideal lenght of the electrical cord?
Should be 50 feet OR LESS
Before starting the portable generators, what do you ALWAYS check?
Ensure the Engine OIL is at the correct level
Operate portable generators for:
15 mins WEEKLY
during this time, operate all lights for 5 mins
Some of the power cords and adapters are waterproof connections. These waterproof connections are good for:
up to 3 feet of water when properly mated
What is the maximum running time of both generators?
4-1/2 hours
Operating at maximum power output, the portable generators should be limited to:
30 minutes
What is the only exception to use the chain saw for ventilation or overhauling of structural fires?
PIER FIRE OPS
Do not attempt to cut above ________ height with the chain saw
CHEST
Pull-in with the chain saw occurs when cutting:
DOWN
code Pull-Down
Pushback with the chain saw occurs when cutting:
UP
code PUSH-UP
When finished with the chain saw:
SLOWLY loosen both the fuel cap and oil cap to relieve the pressure.
What is the circle of danger radius of the chain saw?
10’
Who is allowed in the circle of radius with the chain saw?
Operator and Control Person
NOT THE OFFICER - different from saws
*Officer positions to permit Visual Contact with the Control Person
Wood on the ground or standing timber which is under tension has to be cut:
1st on the COMPRESSION side
Thereafter the cross-cut must be finished on the TENSION side
Chaps must be worn:
over EITHER Long Pants or Bunker Pants
How do you carry the chain saw when:
- Climbing uphill
- Cimbing downhill
- Guide bar to the REAR
2. Guide bar to the FRONT
Acetaldehyde has what odor?
FRUITY
What is the only specific tool assignment for LCC?
Set of IRONS for Low Rise FPMD
To be used on fire floor or floor above if second due delayed
Search Rope:
- either 5/16 white nylon or 7.5mm Kermantle
- newly issued is kermantle with double action snap hook at each end.
- Yellow Carrying bag marked with company#
- company ID tag attached to rope and bag
- NYLON ropes shrinkage due to moisture and temperature is most common - 25 FEET
true or false
Kermantle search ropes will shrink up to 25 feet due to moisture and temperature?
FALSE
NYLON ropes will shrink up to 25 feet
also because of directional knots
What is the spacing between knots in the search rope?
Directional knot = 18 inches
Distance knot = 6 inches
Directional knot will Always be closer to tie off or exit
When a unit deploys the search rope, who must be notified?
IC
The search rope shall be kept approximately:
1 to 2 feet Above Ground
when changing direction or grade, rope shall be tied off
(Keep rope TAUT when playing out)
What kind of contact shall be maintained with all search team members using the search rope?
VOICE Contact
If more than 200 feet of rope is needed, how do you attach the second search rope?
Snap hook to Snap Hook
What do you do if there is nothing to tie off the search rope to?
TAKE A FEW WRAPS AROUND THE BAG with the rope and leave in place.
Under most conditions, the number of members assigned to the search rope team should be:
Limited to 3
What kind of unit would maintain unit integrity on a search rope?
Unit OTHER THAN 1st ALARM receiving orders to search an area requiring a search rope
How does a unit maintain unit integrity while searching on a search rope?
Officer and 2 FFs operate as first search team
Remaining 2 members remain at tie off point to:
- standby as backup
- monitor search, transmissions, fire conditions, Team’s on-air time
- ready to assist
How should members enter and exit on the search rope?
RIGHT HAND
When searching off the rope, members should advise the officer:
code RAD
Area searched
Description of the area searched
Results of search
When is the search rope inspected and repacked?
Inspect AFTER EACH USE
Repacked MONTHLY
How is the search rope coiled into the case?
COUNTER CLOCKWISE
EZ Don Harness (new):
- primary connection point for the LSR will be the Tri-Link Connection
- Only used for removal of ONE Person at a time
- Technical Rescue Operations Only and should Only Be Used by Qualified Advanced Technical Rescue Personnel
What are suitable substantial objects for PSS deployment?
- steam riser
- radiator
- two wall studs
- door frame
- hook across doorway
Aerial ladders stabilizers width?
18’ 4” with stabilizers down
5’ 2” each side
What is the load capacity at the tip of an aerial ladder?
250-750lbs depending on degree of elevation
Safety pins are placed in which holes for stabilizers Aerial?
Highest hole
When the groud is not leveland the apparatus is leaning, which stabilizer is extended first?
LOWEST side first - Fully Extend Horizontally and lowered to its max.
The high side shall then be extended as necessary and lowered to a point that levels the apparatus
What do you do when the normal PTO fails or the engine shuts down and the aerial ladder or jacks need to be used?
switch to the Emergency Hydraulic System.
FIRST ADDRESS THE REASON FOR FAILURE BEFORE THE EMERGENCY SYSTEM CAN FUNCTION.
A no rush approach is taken, the electrical pump and batteries need a cool-down period between operations (retract, cool down, rotate, cool down, etc)
ENGINE CANNOT BE RUNNING WHEN THE EMERGENCY HYDRAULIC SWITCH IS ENABLED
The aerial ladders Rotation Limiting Device will sound when?
this device will not allow ladder rotation of more than 15 degrees from the center line of the apparatus towards the side which has the Short-Jacked condition.
What is the difference between a Pumper being in Volume or Pressure?
VOLUME = (Parallel) the water enters each stage Simultaneously from a common intake and leaves through a common pump discharge.
THE VOLUME POSITION IS TO BE UTILIZED AS A STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
PRESSURE = (series) the first stage pumps its full volume and pressure directly into the second stage, which then pumps this same volume to the pump discharge, but at twice the first stage pressure
PRESSURE IS USED FOR STANDPIPE OPS!
As the ECC is hooking up to a hydrant, he would know that when the residual pressure drops below ___psi on the intake pressure gauge, augmentation will be required.
15
What is the line pressure for:
1. 1-3/4” hose with a 1-5/16” nozzle
2. 2-1/2” hose with a 1-1/8” nozzle
with friction loss per floor.
- 50 psi @ nozzle + 20psi per lenght friction loss
2. 40 psi @ nozzle + 5 psi per length friction loss
true or false
because the facepiece does not cover the ears, airborne contaminants can enter the respiratory tract through a punctured or ruptured eardrum.
TRUE
What is the service life of an air cylinder?
15 years
Hydrostatic testing for an scba is done?
every 5 years
The SCBA assembly is capable of accepting what cylinders?
30, 45, and 60 minute cylinders
When are all spare cylinders inspected?
WEEKLY on Mondays for FULL pressure
The Pressure Reducer Assembly normally reduces the operating pressure to?
A malfunction of the PRA’s primary system will automatically direct breathing air into a secondary system. When this occurs, the operating pressure will only be reduced to?
Failure of both systems?
100psi
150psi and cause the vibralert alarm to activate.
will rapidly discharge all pressure in excess of 185psi
An SCBA with its manual shutoff switch not pressed will deplete a 45 minute cylinder in how long?
4 minutes
When an SCBA is turned on, the HUD will illuminate ________ for _______.
5 lights for 20 seconds
SCBA
Pre-Alarm =
Full Alarm =
20 seconds
+ 12 seconds = 32 seconds
When are SCBA’s inspected?
- immediately after 0900 and 1800 hour roll calls
- immediately before start of MUD
- After Each Use
When one member forcibly strikes another member with 4 distinct blows on the shoulder and then pulls that member in a specific direction, the second member will recognize that the other member?
knows of an emergency and should follow in that direction
SCBA PRA Color Code:
Engine = Black - 9-1 Ladder = Red - 6-1 Rescue = Blue - 2-1 Hazmat = Blue - HM -1-1 Squad = Yellow - 1-1 Battalion = Yellow - 57-1 Battalion spare = Orange - 33-1 Marine = Green - 6-1 MSU Spare = Black - MS-1
what are the lenghts of the FAST Pak hoses?
High pressure = 5 ft
Low pressure = 20 ft
How long does it take the equalize the scba using the UAC connection?
approximately 60 seconds
APR’s should not used without the approval of?
Incident Commander
should only make this decision after consultation with the HazMat Group Supervisor
What are some anticipated uses for the APR?
- ASBESTOS - non-fire related
- Confirmed or Suspcted BIOLOGICAL incidents where continuous atmospheric monitoring is necessary.
- RADIOLOGICAL (non-fire related) where isotope does not pose a chemical hazard or it canbe filtered by canister.
- DECONTAMINATION ops of a long durtion
When to inspect the APRs?
- ALWAYS BEFORE FIRST USE.
2. At least every 30 days and/or 1st day of each month
What is the donning procedure of the APR?
- assemble Canister to the Adapter and the Adapter to the Facepiece
- don facepiece
- PERFORM NEGATIVE PRESSURE LEAK CHECK. - close off inlet side by placing the palm of one hand over inlet located on front of canister and inhale slowly, holding breath momentarily. Leakage should not be detected and the facepiece should be drawn slightly to the face.
Scott CBRN CAP 1 Canister has a shelf life of?
7 years when stored in its vacuum sealed container.
Do not open until the container is to be used.
Where is the expiration date labeled on the APRs?
on BOTH the Vacuum sealed Container and the Canister itself.
What is the NIOSH protection rating of the APR and SCBA?
APR = 50 SCBA = 10,000
How are units distributed APRs?
chief vehicles get 2 adaptors and 4 canisters
Engine, Ladder, Rescue and Squad get 6 adaptors and 12 canisters
the Pak Tracker is dual purpose:
1.
2.
- Monitoring/identification
2. Tracking
Pak Tracker specs:
- range = 900 ft Line of sight
- holds 36 identities
- max capacity of 8 characters per line
- receives signal when PASS alarm has been in Full alarm for 10 seconds (42 seconds total)
- Enter button is a momentary-touch button; the Scroll button must be continuously held down.
- when the signal strength rises above 50%, the row of LEDs will begin to light up starting with:
RED at the Bottom
YELLOW in the Middle
GREEN at the Top - signal will pass through:
glass, light building materials, openings, wood - signal will Not pass through:
metal, large metal objects, concrete walls or floors, brick or concrete block construction - Inspect and test before each use and start of each tour
- spares from Division
- “Low Batt” light will glow in YELLOW at approximately 20% = 1 hour remaining
- batteries should be recharged weekly
