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Cell Biology Block 4 > Fetus To Birth > Flashcards

Fetus To Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

When does the fetal period begin and end?

A

9th week until birth

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2
Q

Length of pregnancy is __ days; __ weeks after fertilization

A

266 days; 38 weeks

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3
Q

At what month does the face become more human looking

A

Third month

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4
Q

When do primary ossification centers appear in long bones/skull

A

12 weeks

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5
Q

When can you see sex of the fetus?

A

3rd month

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6
Q

Reflex activity indicates?

This is developed when?

A

Muscular activity

3rd month

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7
Q

When can movements be felt by the mother?

A

5th month

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8
Q

6th month:

  1. Why is the skin reddish/wrinkled
  2. Why do fetuses born this early have difficulty surviving
A
  1. Lack of connective tissue

2. Coordination between respiratory system and CNS is not well established

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9
Q

Chance of survival of being born at 7 months?

A

90%

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10
Q
  1. Why does the fetus acquire well-rounded contours?
  2. What is vernix caseosa
  3. Location of testes
A
  1. Due to deposition of subcutaneous fat
  2. Whitish, fatty substance covering the skin at the end of intrauterine life
  3. In the scrotum
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11
Q

At what week of fetal life do the following occur:

  1. Taste buds appear
  2. Swallowing
  3. Respiratory movements
  4. Sucking movements
  5. Some sounds can be heard
  6. Eyes sensitive to light
A
  1. 7
  2. 10
  3. 14-16
  4. 24
  5. 24-26
  6. 28
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12
Q

During what week of development do major changes of the placenta start occurring

2 of these changes?

A

Week 9

Increase in surface area between mom and fetus; increased production of amniotic fluid changes disposition of fetal membrane

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13
Q

Changes in trophoblast at 2nd month:

  1. What gives it a radial appearance
  2. Stem villi extend from where to where
  3. Surface of the villi is formed by?
  4. Cytotrophoblastic cells cover ?
  5. Where is the surface villi in relation to the cytotrophoblastic cells?
A
  1. Secondary and tertiary villi
  2. From mesoderm of chorionic plate to the cytotrophoblast shell
  3. Syncytium
  4. A core of vascular mesoderm
  5. Surface villi rests on top of a layer of cytotrophoblastic cells
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14
Q

Changes in trophoblast at 2nd month:

  1. How is maternal blood delivered to placenta
  2. Endovascular invasion of spiral arteries by cytotrophoblast cells causes?
  3. Cytotrophoblast cells replace maternal endothelial cells and create?
  4. Cytotrophoblast cells are released from? And invaded?
A
  1. By spiral arteries in the uterus
  2. Erosion of spiral arteries to release blood into intervillous spaces
  3. Hybrid vessels containing both fetal and maternal cells
  4. Released from ends of anchoring villi and invaded the terminal ends of the spiral arteries
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15
Q

Changes in trophoblast:

  1. Vessels become __ diameter and __ resistance vessels
  2. Extensions start growing out from existing stem villi; extend into?
  3. When do the cytotrophoblastic cells and some connective tissues cells disappear?
A
  1. Large diameter, low resistance
  2. Surrounding lacunar/intervillous spaces
  3. Beginning of 4th month
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16
Q

Changes in trophoblast:

  1. Only 2 layers that separate the maternal and fetal circulations?
  2. What are syncytial knots? Where do they enter? Are they harmful?
  3. Cytotrophoblastic cells disappear except for some in the large villi but the ones that persist do not participate in
A
  1. Syncytium and endothelial wall of the blood vessels
  2. Nuclei that break off from syncytium and drop into intervillous blood lakes; enter maternal circulation. Not harmful
  3. Do not participate in exchange between the 2 circulations
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17
Q
  1. Embryonic pole vs abembryonic pole
  2. What is the chorion frondosum formed by?
  3. What is the chorion laeve formed by?
  4. What is the decidua? When is it shed?
A
  1. Embryonic= contact between embryoblast and trophoblast pole of blastocyst; abembryonic= pole opposite of embryonic pole where embryoblast is located
  2. Villi on embryonic pole growing/expanding
  3. Villi on abembryonic pole degenerating
  4. The functional layer of the endometrium; shed during parturition (birth)
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18
Q

Decidua basalis:

  1. Location
  2. Consists of what kind of cells?
  3. What 2 things do these cells contain
A
  1. Over the chorion frondosum
  2. Decidual cells
  3. Lipids and glycogen
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19
Q
  1. What is the decidual plate?
  2. What is the decidua capsularis
  3. When does the decidua capsularis become stretched and degenerates
  4. Chorion laeve fuses with? What does this fusion cause?
A
  1. Layer tightly connected to the chorion
  2. Decidual layer over the abembryonic pole
  3. With growth of the chorionic vesicle
  4. Decidua parietalis (uterine wall); obliterates the uterine lumen
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20
Q
  1. Only portion of the chorion that participates in the exchange process?
  2. __ + __ = placenta
  3. __ + ___ = amniochorionic membrane; significance of this membrane
  4. Formation of this membrane obliterates?
A
  1. Chorion frondosum
  2. Chorion frondosum + decidua basalis
  3. Amnion + chorion; this is what ruptures when your water breaks
  4. Chorionic cavity
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21
Q

2 components of the placenta by the beginning of the 4th month and what they are formed by?

A
  1. Fetal potion formed by chorion frondosum

2. Maternal portion formed by decidua basalis

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22
Q

Borders of the placenta:

  1. On fetal side
  2. On maternal side
  3. What is most intimately incorporated into the placenta on the maternal side?
A
  1. Chorionic plate
  2. Decidua basalis
  3. Decidual plate
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23
Q

Junctional zone:

  1. Characterized by what 2 cells
  2. Rich in?
  3. What 2 things intermingle here?
A
  1. Decidual and syncytial giant cells
  2. Amorphous ECM (most cytotrophoblasts have degenerated)
  3. Trophoblast and decidual cells
24
Q

Intervillous spaces

  1. Location
  2. What are they filled with
  3. Derived from?
  4. Lined with?
  5. Villous trees grow into?
A
  1. Between chorionic and decidual plates
  2. Maternal blood
  3. Lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast
  4. Synctium of fetal origin
  5. Intervillous blood lakes
    A
25
Q
  1. During months 4-5, decidua forms? This projects where but does not reach?
  2. Structure of the septa?
  3. What separates maternal blood in intervillous lakes from fetal tissue of the villi
A
  1. Decidual septa; projects into intervillous spaces but does not reach chorionic plate
  2. Core of maternal tissue; surface layer of syncytial cells
  3. Syncytial layer
26
Q
  1. Placenta is divided into compartments called?
  2. How is contact between the intervillous spaces and compartments contained
  3. What percent of the uterus is covered by placenta?
  4. Increase in thickness of the placenta results from?
A
  1. Cotyledons
  2. Because the decidual septa does not reach the chorionic plate
  3. 15-30%
  4. Arborization of existing villi
27
Q

Placental classification and what animal they are from

  1. Haemochorial
  2. Endotheliochorial
  3. Epitheliochorial
A
  1. Where chorion comes into direct contact with maternal blood (human)
  2. Maternal endometrial blood vessels are bare to their endothelium and those come into contact with the chorion (dogs, cats)
  3. Maternal epithelium of uterus comes into contact with the chorion (pigs, cows)
28
Q

Full term placenta:

  1. Cotyledons are covered by?
  2. Grooves between cotyledons are formed by
  3. Fetal surface of the placenta is covered entirely by
  4. Chorionic vessels converge toward
  5. What type of attachment?
A
  1. Thin layer of decidua basalis
  2. Decidual septa
  3. Chorionic plate
  4. Umbilical cord
  5. Eccentric and occasionally marginal
29
Q

Fetal surface of placenta:

  1. Covered with
  2. Attached to
  3. What two vessels anastomose? Where are they in relation to each other
A
  1. Amniotic membrane
  2. Chorionic plate
  3. Umbilical and chorionic vessels; umbilical branches into chorionic
30
Q

Maternal surface of placenta:

  1. Covered with
  2. Cotyledons form what type of appearance?
A
  1. Maternal decidua basalis

2. Cobblestone

31
Q
  1. How do cotyledons receive their blood? Course of these arteries?
  2. When pressure in these arteries increase, where does the blood go
  3. When pressure decreases, blood flows from __ to __ and enters __ veins
  4. Blood flowing from where to where also goes thru these veins
A
  1. Thru spiral arteries; pierce the decidual plate and enter the intervillous spaces
  2. Into the intervillous spaces and villous tree
  3. From chorionic plate toward decidua; endometrial veins
  4. From intervillous lakes to back to maternal circulation
32
Q
  1. Placental exchange only happens in villi that have fetal vessels in close contact with?
  2. Syncytium has microvilli that increases what?
A
  1. The covering syncytial membrane

2. Increases surface area and increases exchange rate between maternal and fetal circulations

33
Q
  1. Placental membrane separates?

2. Composed of what 4 layers initially?

A
  1. Maternal and fetal blood

2. Endothelial lining of fetal vessels, connective tissue in the villus core, cytotrophoblastic layer, syncytium

34
Q
  1. The placental membrane thins when what comes into contact with the syncytial membrane?
  2. Why is the placental membrane not a true barrier?
  3. Why is the placenta considered hemochorial type?
A
  1. The endothelial lining of the vessels
  2. Many substances pass freely thru it
  3. Because maternal blood is separated from fetal blood by a chorionic derivative
35
Q

How does the placenta perform the following 6 roles:

  1. Respiration
  2. Nutrition
  3. Excretion
  4. Protection
  5. Endocrine
  6. Immunity
A
  1. Gas exchange
  2. Provides glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
  3. Through maternal circulation
  4. Against bacteria
  5. Produces hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesterone
  6. Antibodies cross into fetal circulation
36
Q
  1. Primitive umbilical ring is in between
  2. At 5th week, what 3 things pass thru this ring
  3. Location of yolk sac proper; its stalk connects it to?
  4. Amniotic cavity enlarges at the expense of?
  5. What 2 things join together to form the primitive umbilical cord? What makes them join together
A
  1. Amnion and embryonic ectoderm
  2. Connecting stalk, yolk stalk/vitelline vessels, canal connecting intraembryonic and extraembryonic cavities
  3. In chorionic cavity; umbilical cord
  4. Chorionic cavity
  5. Connecting stalk and yolk sac stalks - amnion envelops them joining them together
37
Q

Umbilical cord contents:

  1. Distally (2)
  2. More proximally (2)
  3. What gets pushed into the extraembryonic space in umbilical cord? Why?
A
  1. Yolk sac stalk and umbilical vessels
  2. Intestinal loops and remnant of allantois
  3. Intestinal loops because the abdominal cavity is temporarily too small
38
Q

After allantois is obliterated, vitelline duct and vessels consist of ?

A

Umbilical vessels surrounding wharton jelly

39
Q

Wharton jelly contains? Function?

A

Proteoglycans; protective layer for blood vessels

40
Q

Placental changes at the end of pregnancy:

  1. Increase in fibrous tissue in __
  2. Thickening of __ in fetal capillaries
  3. Obliterative changes in small capillaries of __
  4. Deposition of __ on the surface of the villi in the __ and __
A
  1. Core of villus
  2. Basement membranes
  3. Villi
  4. Fibrinoid; junctional zone and chorionic plate
41
Q
  1. Excess fibrinoid formation can use infarction of __ or __

2. How will the cotyledon appear if this happens?

A
  1. Intervillous lake or sometimes an entire cotyledon

2. Whitish

42
Q

Amniotic fluid:

  1. Produced in part by __ but primary from __
  2. Volume of fluid is replaced how often?
  3. 4 functions
A
  1. Partly by amniotic cells, primarily from maternal blood
  2. Every 3 hours
  3. Absorbs jolts, protection, allows for fetal movements, and prevents adherence of the embryo to the amnion
43
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins are from

Sometimes their __ and __ can fuse

What is erythrocyte mosaicism; caused by?

A

Simultaneous shedding of 2 oocytes and fertilization by different sperm

Placenta and chorionic sacs

Twin possesses 2 RBCs of different types; fusion of the 2 placentas

44
Q
  1. In identical twins, splitting of zygote usually happens when?
  2. The twins will share __ and __ but have a separate __
  3. Inner cell mass splits in 2 separate groups within the same
A
  1. Early blastocyst stage
  2. Placenta and chorionic cavity; separate amniotic cavities
  3. Blastocyst cavity
45
Q

What will cause the formation of 2 identical twins with a shared amniotic sac as well?

A

If splitting occurs in bilaminar germ disc stage, before appearance of primitive streak (rare)

46
Q
  1. 2-4 weeks before labor, what part of the uterus undergoes a transitional phase to prepare?
  2. This phase ends with thickening of? And softening of?
A
  1. Uterine myometrium

2. Thickening of myometrium in upper region of uterus; softening/thinning of lower region and cervix

47
Q

3 stages of labor itself

A
  1. Effacement (thinning/shortening) and dilation of cervix
  2. Delivery of fetus
  3. Delivery of placenta/fetal membranes
48
Q

Birth:

  1. The force of uterine contractions causes what
  2. In the next stage, the most important force is from?
  3. Stage 3 requires what 2 forces?
A
  1. Amniotic sac against cervical canal
  2. Increased intra-abdominal pressure from ab muscle contraction
  3. Uterine contractions and increased intra-abdominal pressure
49
Q

How does blood pass from fetus to placenta?

A

Thru 2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein

50
Q

At birth, what do the following become:

  1. Ductus arteriosus
  2. Foramen ovale
  3. Umbilical vein
A
  1. Ligamentum arteriosum
  2. Fossa ovalis
  3. Ligamentum teres (round ligament of liver)
51
Q

Preeclampsia:

  1. Characterized by maternal __ and __
  2. Due to?
  3. Occurs in what percent of pregnancies?
A
  1. Hypertension and proteinuria
  2. Reduced organ perfusion
  3. 5%
52
Q

Fetal Hydrops:

  1. What is it defined as?
  2. Survival rate improves with use of?
A
  1. Edema involving at least 2 fetal components

2. Intrauterine transfusions

53
Q

Erythroblastosis:

  1. __ disease
  2. Caused by
  3. Majority of severe cases are due to ?
  4. Next 2 most clinically significant?
  5. Most common non-Rh system antibodies to cause this?
A
  1. Hemolytic
  2. Destruction of fetal RBCs by antibodies (IgG) produced by mother
  3. Anti-RhD antibodies
  4. Anti-c, E, and C antibodies
  5. anti-Kell
54
Q
  1. DES can cross the placental barrier and may cause what conditions?
  2. Viruses crossing can cause?
  3. Name an umbilical cord abnormality
A
  1. Vaginal cancer, or cervical, uterine, and testicular anomalies
  2. Infections which may result in cell death/birth defects
  3. Single artery/agenesis
55
Q

Amniotic fluid anomalies: how many mL?

  1. Hydramnios/polyhydramnios?
  2. Oligohydramnios?
A
  1. Above 1500-2000 mL

2. Less than 400 mL

Cell Biology Block 4 (9 decks)

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