Fetal Thorax Flashcards
4 important factors for lung development
- Adequate chest space
- Fetal breathing tones
- Fluid in the lungs
- Adequate AFI
Average amniotic fluid amounts
5-25cm
______ can cause pulmonary hyperplasia
Oligohydramnios
Normal appearance of lungs
Bell shaped
Homogenous, slowly becoming more echogenic in later trimesters
Some common thorax abnormalities
Pleural mass Pleural effusion Diaphragmatic hernia Pulmonary hyperplasia Cystic lung mass
_____ and _____ commonly occur with lung masses
Fetal hydrops and cardiac arrhythmia are associated with lung masses
Explain pleural effusion
Collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura
Preventing expansion of lungs
Pleural effusion is associated with
Fetal infection, CHF, Tri 21, Tri 18, Hydrops
Pulmonary Hyperplasia
Where lungs fail to form completely or not at all
Causes of pulmonary hyperplasia
Unilateral - usually just developmental
Bilateral -
Lack of AF, PROM, renal agenesis, PUV
What does CAM stand for
Congenital cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Explain CAM
Lung is replaced with abnormal and cystic tissue caused by a genetic alteration
4 types
Describe the 4 types of CAM
Type 1: one or more large cyst, 2-10cm
Type 2: many small cysts, less than 2cm (poor outcomes)
Type 3: bulky large non-cystic lesions, less than 5cm (hydrops)
Type 4: look for lateral displacement of the heart
Most common lung cyst prenatally
Congenital Bronchogenic Cyst
Explain congenital bronchgenic cysts
Most common to find in utero
No symptoms with no communication to the trachea
Unilocular/multilocular
Explain Pulmonary Sequestration
Extra lobe of the lung with no communication to bronchial tree
Supplied by the aorta
Pulmonary Sequestration is associated with
Fetal Hydrops
2 locations for Pulmonary Sequestration to appear
Interlobar - within pleural sac
Extralobar - inferior to lung with its own separate covering
CAM gets blood from ______
Pulmonary Sequestration gets blood from ______
CAM gets blood from the Pulmonary Arteries
Pulm Sequestration gets blood from the descending aorta
Bronchial Atresia
Rare! Narrowing/absence of bronchial or laryngeal lumen
Most common in the lt upper lobe
Can accumulate lung secretions
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diaphragm fails to close, causing abd viscera to herniate
Lt side is most common
2 most common locations for a diaphragmatic hernia to occur
Weird names
Foramen of Bochdalek - most common! Posterolateral lung
Foramen of Morgagni - rare! Herniation into anterior mediastinum
Some signs of a diaphragmatic hernia
- Possible polyhydramnios
- Requires surgery after birth
- Displaced heart, bowel, spleen
- Small AC, CNS abnormalities
