Fetal Brain And Spine Anatomy And Pathology Flashcards
What are two hemispheres divided by interhemispheric fissure?
Cerebrum
What is a double fold of dura mater that separates the 2 hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
What is the box shaped midline structure seen between frontal horns of lateral ventricles?
Cavum septum pellucidum
What is the bridge between 2 hemispheres that provide communication between the 2 sides?
Corpus callosum
What 2 lobes are located on both sides of the falx cerebri?
Thalamus
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
CSF flows to 3rd ventricle via?
Foramen of monro
How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?
Through the aqueduct of sylvius
2 lobes that are joined by cerebellar vermis forming a dumbbell shape?
Cerebellum
Normal measurement of the nuchal thickness fold?
<6mm
What is the ratio of BPD/OFD called?
Cephalic index
What is enlargement of ventricles?
Ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus
What is it when cerebral tissue is replaced by fluid?
Hydranencephaly
What is varying degrees of absence of midline and fusion of non-midline brain structures?
Holoprosencephaly
What are the 3 types of holoprosencephaly?
Lobar - minimal fusion, absent CSP/CC and used frontal horns
Semi lobar - partial fusion of LV and thalami, absent CSP/CC
Alobar - most severe, fusion of non midline structures and absent midline structures
What is the absence or defect of the cerebellar vermis causing the 4th ventricle to dilate and the cisterna magna to enlarge?
Dandy walker malformation
What is an arteriovenous malformation of the brain?
Vein of Galen aneurysm
Fluid filled clefts within the cerebrum?
Schizencephaly
Cysts that communicate with the ventricular system caused by hemorrhage, ischemia, or vascular occlusion?
Porencephaly
No sulci/gyri within the cortex, “smooth brain”?
Lissencephaly
What is the most common intracranial tumor?
Teratoma
What is the most common brain abnormality?
Ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus
What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus?
Aqueductal stenosis
What are the most common neural tube defects?
Anencephaly and spina bifida
What is the absence of the cranial vault above the orbits, without cranium?
Acrania
Type of acrania with no cerebral hemispheres, “frog like” bulging eyes?
Anencephaly
Type of acrania with normal amount of brain tissue but no skull, misshapen head?
Exencephaly
What is it when the neural tube fails to close and there is a gap between the vertebrae/splaying of the vertebral laminae?
Spina bifida
What are the 2 types of spina bifida?
Occulta (closed) - covered by skin, no herniating of spinal cord outside of body, defect in vertebrae only
Aperta (open) - most common, not covered by skin, herniation of spinal contents outside of body
What are the 2 types of spina bifida aperta (open)?
Meningoceles - contains meninges only
Myelomeningocele - most common, contains meninges and nerve roots
What is it when the presence of open spina bifida pulls down on spinal contents causing cranial malformations?
Arnold chiari malformation
What is the herniation of intracranial contents through an opening in the skull?
Cephaloceles/encephalocele
What is the hyper extension of neck “star-gazer” closed neural tube defect?
Iniencephaly
