Fetal and Neurologic Injury

Question 1

_________, ________, and ______ _________ occur in a preordained fashion to establish early neural circuitry

Answer 1

Neuronal proliferation, migration, and cellular differentiation

Question 2

. Both forms of migration are guided by cell-intrinsic mechanisms and by structural scaffolds and humoral mediators such as ____ and ________-.

Answer 2

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate

Question 3

Although GABA has an inhibitory action in the mature brain, GABA serves an ______role during fetal brain development.

Answer 3

excitatory

Question 4

The ________ than the GABA receptors and remain functionally silent because of magnesium ion–induced channel blockade; thus, they play a limited role during early brain development.

Answer 4

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype glutamate receptors originate later

Question 5

Pharmacologic interventions (e.g., ethanol, antiepileptic drugs) that act directly or indirectly on these powerful _____ _______ induce long-lasting impairment of fetal brain development, mainly owing to impaired neurogenesis and/or altered neuronal migration.20–22 Alteration of this excitation-inhibition balance is purported to be responsible for an array of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders.

Answer 5

neuromodulator systems

Question 6

Experimental studies reveal that the fetal ______ _______ ______ is morphologically well developed and functionally competent at term.

Answer 6

blood-brain barrier