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Biology reproduction > Fertilization and fetal development > Flashcards

Fertilization and fetal development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is external fertilization?

A

fertilization occurring outside the body– usually in water

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2
Q

what is internal fertilization?

A

sperm cells transferred into the body during copulation( sex)

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3
Q

animal examples of internal and external fertilization

A

1) aquatic animals(fish) 2) reptiles and birds and humans

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4
Q

advantages of internal fertilization

A

1) increases the chance that the gametes will meet = species have to produce fewer gametes

2) fertilized ovum can be enclosed in a protective covering = shell/ remain in the body during development.

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5
Q

when does human fertilization occur?

A

when one sperm cells fuse with the secondary oocyte

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6
Q

what does the fusion of a sperm and secondary oocyte create?

A

a zygote

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7
Q

where does the formation of a zygote take place in?

A

the oviduct

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the human fertilization system?

A

to prevent polyspermy– entry of more than one sperm cell nucleus

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9
Q

what is the first step in fertilization?

A

large amounts of sperm ejaculated into vagina during sexual intercourse

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10
Q

how many sperm survive getting to through the vagina?

A

only a few make it to through the cervix and uterus

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11
Q

second step to fertilization-name?

A

aerosome reaction

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12
Q

what happens during aerosome reaction?

A

sperm binds to the zona pellucida the contents of the aerosome are released

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13
Q

what helps the sperm get through the zona pellucida?

A

the head of the sperm contains sacs of enzymes that help it digest through the zona pellucida to get to the egg.

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14
Q

what enzyme is contained in the sperm head?

A

aerosome enzyme

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15
Q

what happens in the third step of fertilization?

A

penetration of the egg membrane

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16
Q

how is step 3 of fertilization done?

A

aerosome reaction exposes an area of the membrane to the sperm where its protein can bind to the egg membranes receptors.

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17
Q

result of step 3 of fertilization?

A

the binding of sperms protein to egg membranes proteins, allows its membrane to fuse with the eggs membrane

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18
Q

step 4 of fertilization

A

cortical reaction– entry of sperm nucleus activates egg(complete meiosis 2) cortical granules released from egg that causes binding proteins on egg membrane to degenerate so no more sperm can bind.

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19
Q

what causes the hardening if the zona pellucida?

A

the breaking down of the proteins on the egg membrane

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20
Q

what does the hardening of the zona pedullcida achieve?

A

further protect the egg as well as keeping other sperm out

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21
Q

what are cortical granules?

A

secretory vesicles located in the cortex of unfertilized oocytes

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22
Q

what do cortical granules cause?

A

the binding of proteins from sperm to egg

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23
Q

end result of fertilization step 4?

A

an embryo development

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24
Q

what stage comes right after successful fertilization?

A

blastocyst stage

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25
Q

what happens in the blastocyst stage?

A

after division of mitosis, the cells made are similar– after 2 weeks they specialize

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26
Q

what happens after fertilization?

A

the zygote travels down the oviduct towards the uterus, while it divides through mitosis a series of times

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27
Q

what happens when zygote reaches the uterus?

A

it has divided into an almost hollow ball of cells (blastocyst)

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28
Q

whats a blastocyst?

A

hollow ball of cells created by continues division of mitosis after fertilization of eggs

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29
Q

what do the outer walls of the blastocyst become?

A

placenta

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30
Q

what do the inner walls of the blastocyst become?

A

embryo

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31
Q

what is implantation?

A

6-10 days after fertilization– the blastocyst attach itself to the endometrium lining

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32
Q

what happens after blastocyst implants itself in uterine wall?

A

sends a signal (hormone)=HCG

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33
Q

what does HCG mean?

A

travels blood steam and affects the ovary, as well as signals to ovary to maintain the corpus luteum.

34
Q

what does the corpus luteum do in first trimester?

A

produces progesterone and estrogen

35
Q

at what stage is the zygote called an embryo?

A

first trimester

36
Q

what’s the process of specialization of cells called?

A

gasturiation

37
Q

what does gastrulation produce?

A

a gasturla

38
Q

what does a gastrula contain?

A

3 germ layers

39
Q

what does gasturiation do?

A

causes cells to get specialized by placing cells in the 3 germ layers

40
Q

what does the cells in the ectoderm form?

A

skin, nervous system,

41
Q

what does the cells in the mesoderm form?

A

kidney, skeleton, muscles, blood vessels and gonads

42
Q

what does the cells in the endoderm form?

A

lungs and lining of the digestive tract

43
Q

when does the embryo form important parts?

A

10-14th day

44
Q

what part of the embryo form important structures?

A

outer portions of embryo

45
Q

what does the yolk sac do?

A

supplies nutrients for the first 2 months of development

46
Q

what is the amnion ?

A

fluid filled sac that protects the body of embryo

47
Q

what is does the allantois do?

A

removes waste

48
Q

what does the chorion do?

A

surrounds everything

49
Q

what are 4 important structures of the embryo?

A

yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion

50
Q

when does the placenta fully form?

A

3 months in

51
Q

what does is the placenta responsible for?

A

secreting estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy
and
developing nutrients and removing waste for the developing fetus

52
Q

what is the placenta made up of ?

A

endometrium material and small projections from the chorin surrounding the embryo called chorionic villi

53
Q

what is the chronic villi?

A

grow out of the chorin into the endometrium and are rich in capillaries

54
Q

what do the chronic villi do?

A

provide a large surface area for the exchange if nutrients and waste between the mothers blood and that of the fetus

55
Q

the relationship between fetus blood and mothers blood?

A

never mix,– fetal blood remain in the chronic villi
surrounded by maternal (mothers) blood flowing into the endometrial spaces.

56
Q

what are endometrial spaces?

A

the inner most lining of the uterus

57
Q

the purpose of having the maternal blood flowing into the endometrial spaces?

A

allows the mothers blood to come in as close contact as possible without the 2 mixing.

58
Q

what attaches the embryo to the placenta?

A

the umbilical cord

59
Q

what is the job of the umbilical cord?

A

to carry fetal blood to the placenta

60
Q

how does the umbilical cord carry blood to the fetus?

A

umbilical arteries to the placenta and umbilical veins (singular) to the fetus

61
Q

how does the mother provide oxygen and nutrients to child?

A

through her blood– umbilical arteries divide into capillaries in the chronic villi, where the blood can diffuse from mom to baby.

62
Q

what happens to the cellular respiration byproduct?

A

co2 gets diffuses from the fetus back to the mother

63
Q

what is gestation?

A

period of time between conception and birth

64
Q

how long is human gestation?

A

40 weeks

65
Q

what id gestation divided into?

A

trimesters– 3

66
Q

how long do each trimester last?

A

3 months~

67
Q

what happens in trimesters?

A

major development changes occurring in every trimester

68
Q

what happens in trimester 2 week 24?

A

fetus– 300 mm long becomes more active and all organs are formed but done function

69
Q

at happens in trimester 1 week 9?

A

first bone cells are formed, embryo id called fetus

70
Q

what happens during the 3rd trimester?

A

rapid increase in size and vital brain tissue is build and nervous system is develop.

71
Q

what happens in 2nd trimester week 16

A

skeleton begins to form, brain grows rapidly and the nervous system begins to form
+ mother can feel movement.

72
Q

what happens in 1st trimester week 12

A

all major organs begin to form (liver ,brain, stomach, heart)
the fetus is 100 mm long
noticeable head and limbs
sex can be identifies by ultra sounds

73
Q

what happens in trimester 1 week 6

A

eyes begin to form as well as spin formation

74
Q

what trimester plus week does the nervous system begin developing and when it finish’s?

A

2nd trimester– week 16
3rd trimester–week 26-27

75
Q

why is it important for mother to eat healthy when pregnant?

A

because the fetus receives all of its nutrients and oxygen from mother blood. – anything she eats drinks inhales from environment gets in her blood

76
Q

what’s the most crucial period of development for the baby?

A

1ist trimester– because the limbs eyes and major organs are formed in this stage, complications here can result in unhealthy baby/unfinished

77
Q

what effect does ciggrete smoke have on baby?

A

constricts blood vessels= prevents it from getting enough oxygen

78
Q

alcohol affects on baby?

A

the function of the fetus’s brain and central nervous system as well as physical development (FAS)

79
Q

FAS is caused by what substance abuse during pregnancy?

A

alcohol

80
Q

why is the age of the mother a problem in pregnancy?

A

too old(45)– body is weak unable to carry baby + body gets tired of meiosis so its not done as well=chromosomes mutation(1/20)

too young+ lots of strain on the body, needs energy to grow mom and baby + higher risk of premature birth

81
Q

other risk factors of pregnancy?

A

radiation, pollutants-PBC’s and mercury

82
Q

what can cause genetic mutation?

A

radiation, pollutants-PBC’s and mercury and if woman over 45 gets pregnant.

Biology reproduction (5 decks)

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