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Devo Exam 2 > Fertilization > Flashcards

Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

gamerogenesis

A

process of making gametes

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2
Q

gonad

A

organ consisting of somatic cells with germ cells inside

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3
Q

germ cells

A

diploid; divide mitotically to make more diploid germ cells; divide meiotically to make haploid gametes

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4
Q

primordial germ cells

A

a few cells set aside early in development which migrate into developing gonads and generate the germ line

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5
Q

inert genome hypothesis

A

germ line genomes stay inert or non-transcribing

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6
Q

germ cell migration in flies

A
  1. cells are displaced into posterior midgut during the movement of gastrulation
  2. PGCs migrate from posterior midgut to the visceral mesoderm
  3. PGCs associate with developing gonad pirmordium
  4. PGCs migrate to the gonads
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7
Q

where are PGCs first seen in mammals?

A

outside the embryo proper

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8
Q

germ cell migration in mammals

A
  1. use fibronectin in ECM to migrate (integrin is receptor)
  2. chemotax toward diffusible factor SDF1 made by genital ridge
  3. respond to stem cell factor SCF and proliferate
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9
Q

SDF1

A

diffusible factor that causes PGCs to chemotax; made by genital ridge

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10
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of haploid sperm cell

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11
Q

spermiogenesis

A

differentiation of those cells into specialized cells that can perform their function

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12
Q

functions sperm delivers to egg

A

haploid nucleus; centriole

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13
Q

where does sperm development take place?

A

seminiferous tubules in testis

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14
Q

sertoli cells

A

in seminiferous tubules; provide support, nourishment, and signals for developing germ cells

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15
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

in the lumen between the seminiferous tubules and basal lamina; early stages are closer to basal lamina

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16
Q

process of spermiogenesis

A
  1. centriole produces flagellum at posterior end of sperm cell
  2. golgi forms acrosomal vesicle at future anterior end
  3. mitochondria collect around the flagellum and become incorporated into the midpiece
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17
Q

phases of oogenesis

A
  1. proliferation
  2. maturation
  3. meiosis and ovulation
18
Q

graafian follicle

A

mature mammalian oocyte

19
Q

hormonal regulation of ovulation in humans

A
  1. pulse of FHS and LH (pituitary) and estrogen (ovaries) leads to ovulation
  2. corpus luteum makes progesterone which prepares uterine lining for implantation, inhibits further ovulation
20
Q

what secretes FHS and LH?

A

pituitary

21
Q

what secretes estrogen?

A

ovaries

22
Q

hyperactivation

A

occurs during capacitation; sperm swim at higher velocity; mediated by opening of sperm-specific Ca2+ channels in sperm tail

23
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein matrix made by oocyte; binds sperm and initiates acrosomal reaction after sperm is bound

24
Q

sperm binding

A
  1. sperm binds to ligand secreted by oviduct and coating the zona pellucida
  2. SED1 binds to ZP complex on zona
  3. sperm GalT crosslink to N-acetylglucosamine sugar residues on ZP3
  4. clustering of GalT in sperm membrane activates G proteins that open Ca2+ channels and initiate acrosome rxn
25
Q

acrosome reaction

A

once sperm is bound to ZP3; leads to Ca2+ influx into sperm; acrosomal membrane disappears; digest hole through zona pellucida

26
Q

functions of fertilization

A
  1. transmit genes from parents to offspring

2. initiate in the egg the eggg cytoplasm reactions that enable development to proceed

27
Q

4 major events of conception

A
  1. contact and recognition between the sperm and egg; ensures that the sperm and egg are from the same species
  2. regulation of sperm entry into egg; only one sperm nucleus can unite with egg nucleus
  3. fusion of genetic material of sperm and egg
  4. activation of egg metabolism to start development
28
Q

acrosome

A

modified secretory vesicle; digests proteins and complex sugars on outer coverings of egg

29
Q

acrosomal process

A

region of globular actin proteins that lies between sperm nucleus and acrosomal vesicle; used to extend acrosomal process

30
Q

sperm head

A

acrosome and nucleus

31
Q

flagellum

A

for sperm movement; motor protein = axoneme

32
Q

mid-piece

A

sperm; contain mitochondria; provides ATP to flagellum

33
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

individuals lack dynein in all their ciliated and flagellated structures, rendering them immotile; men with this are sterile

34
Q

capacitation

A

final stages of mammaliam sperm maturation; does not occur until sperm has been inside female reproductive tract for some period of time

35
Q

oocyte

A

egg before it reaches the stage of meiosis at which it is fertilized

36
Q

vitelline envelope

A

ECM outside cell membrane that forms fibrous mat around the egg; involved in sperm-egg recognition

37
Q

egg jelly

A

outside vitelline envelope; used to attract or activate sperm

38
Q

cortex

A

immediately beneath cell membrane of eggs; gel-like cytoplasm; contains actin

39
Q

cortical granules

A

membrane bound, golgi derived structures; contain proteolytic enzymes; homologous to acrosomal vesicle of sperm; contain mucopolysaccharides, adhesive glycoproteins, and hyaline protein

40
Q

what are the major components stored in the egg cytoplasm?

A

nutritive proteins, ribosomes and tRNA, mRNAs, protective chemicals

41
Q

5 molecular changes important for mammalian sperm capacitatioin

A
  1. sperm cell membrane is altered by the removal of cholesterol by albumin proteins the in the female reproductive tract
  2. particular proteins or carbs on sperm surface are lost
  3. membrane potential of the sperm cell membrane becomes more negative as K+ leaves sperm
  4. protein phosphorylation
  5. outer acrosomal membrane changes and come into contact with the sperm cell membrane to prepare it for fusion

Devo Exam 2 (4 decks)

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