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Embryology > Fertilization > Flashcards

Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Capacitation

A

glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa.

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2
Q

Acrisomal reaction

A

Release of acrosin, esterase or neuroaminidase

Elicited by zona pellucida

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3
Q

Phases of fertilization

A

Penetration of corona radiata
Penetration of zona pellucida
Fusion of the sperm and oocyte plasma membrane
Completion of 2°meiotic division/ Formation of female pro nucleus
Formation of male pro nucleus
Fusion of pronucleuses

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4
Q

Phases of embryology

A 
Zygote
Morula
Blastomere
Gastrula
Neurula
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5
Q

Results of fertilization

A

Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes
Determination of chromosomal sex of the new individual
Initiation of cleavage

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6
Q

Zygote transported to uterus by

A

Peristalsis

Ciliary beats

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7
Q

First week of development

A

Cleavage
Blastocyst formation
Implantation begins

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8
Q

30 hrs after fertilization

A

2 cell stage

Blastomere

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9
Q

Day three

A

Morula

16 cells

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10
Q

Day 4

A

Uterine fluid gushes in
Trophoblast and embryoblast formed
Blastocele

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11
Q

Day 5

A

Blastocyst(100-150 cells)
Zona pellucida degraded
HCG released

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12
Q

Day 6

A

Implantation begins

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13
Q

After implantation functional endometrial layer converted to

A

decidua

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14
Q

Day 8

A

Syncithiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Hypoblast and Epiblast
Amniotic cavity forms

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15
Q

Trophoblasts

A

Enzyme for zona pellucida degradation

Release Human chorion gonadotropin

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16
Q

endometrial stromal cell become swollen & filled with glycogen called

A

decidual reaction

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17
Q

mediate initial attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus

A

L selectin on trophoblast cells and its carbohydrate receptors on the uterine epithelium

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18
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Secrete enzymes for uterine breakdown

Products absorbed by Syncythiotrophoblast

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19
Q

Placenta previa

A

Near internal os

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20
Q

Day 9

A

Lacunae form
Exocoelomic membrane
Fibrin coagulum

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21
Q

Day 11-12

A

Blood flows into the lacunae forming uteroplacental circulation
Extraembryonic mesoderm forms and cavities begin to form between them
Decidua reaction

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22
Q

Extra embryonic cavity aka

A

Chorionic cavity

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23
Q

13 day

A

Masses pinch of the primary yolk sac and form the secondary yolk sac and the exocolemic cyst

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24
Q

3rd week

A

characterized by formation of primitive streak and 3 germ layers

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25
Q

By gastrulation stage we can identify

A

craniocaudal axis
cranial and caudal ends
dorsal and ventral surfaces
right and left sides

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26
Q

Remnants of primitive streak

A

Sacrococcygeal Teratomas

27
Q

Functions of notochord

A

Defines primordial axis of the embryo
Provides rigidity to the embryo
Serves as a basis for the development of the axial skeleton
Indicates the future site of the vertebral bodies/column
Regulates differentiation of surrounding structures
Nucleus pulposus

28
Q

Remnants of notochordal tissue give rise to

A

Chordomas

29
Q

Inward movement of epiblast

A

Invagination

30
Q

embryonic mesoderm separate ectoderm and endoderm completely except

A

Oropharyngeal membrane cranially
Cloacal membrane caudally
In the middle cranial to primitive node where notochordal process extends

31
Q

Process of formation of neural plate, neural folds & their closure to form neural tube

A

Neurulation

32
Q

Nerulation induced by

A

Notochord formation

33
Q

Somites development

A

Intraembyonic mesoderm-> paraxial mesoderm->somites

34
Q

Somites function

A

Axial skeleton
Musculature
Dermis

35
Q

agents such as drugs and viruses that produce or increase the incidence of congenital anomalies

A

Teratogens

36
Q

Teratogens

A

agents such as drugs and viruses that produce or increase the incidence of congenital anomalies.

37
Q

Neural tube forms the

A

CNS

38
Q

Neural crest forms the

A

PNS

39
Q

The cranial pit becomes the& separated from gut tube by .

A

oral pit (stomodeum) , oropharyngeal membrane

40
Q

The caudal pit becomes the separated from caudal end of primitive gut by .

A

anal pit (proctodeum), cloacal membrane

41
Q

Dorsal end of yolk sac

A

Primitive gut

42
Q

Primitive gut

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

43
Q

The development of the cardiovascular system is essential because

A

diffusion of nutrients by the early uteroplacental circulation can no longer satisfy the nutritional needs of the rapidly developing embryo

44
Q

Derivatives of Ectoderm

A

Attractoderm

Mouth, eyes, hair, skin, nervous system, adrenal medulla, pituitary gland, nail, anus, mammary gland

45
Q

Mesoderm derivatives

A

Musculoderm or CT

Muscle, dermis, bone, cartilage, adrenal cortex, circulatory system, kidney, gonad, spleen

46
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

Tubingderm

Liver, pancreas, respiratory tract, GI tract, lower urinary tract, thyroid, thymus

47
Q

9th-12th week

A

Primary ossification centers appear
Urine formation
Genitalia distinguished

48
Q

13-16th week

A

Rapid growth
Ossification begins
Primordial follicles

49
Q

17th-20th week

A

Growth slows down
Fetal movements are commonly felt by the mother
The skin is covered with vernix caseosa.
covered with fine hair called lanugo
Uterus formed
Testes begins descent
Brown fat forms

50
Q

21st-25th week

A

Weight gain

Surfactant

51
Q

Surfactant secreted by

A

types II pneumocytes

52
Q

26th-29th

A

Safe for Pre mature birth

Eyes open

53
Q

30th-34th week

A

Pupillary light reflex
Pink skin
Descent of testis continues till 32nd week or above
8% fat

54
Q

35th-38th week

A 
Firm grasp
16% fat
Prominent chest
White or bluish-pink skin
Testes in scrotum
55
Q

MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES cause

A

multiple ova & abundant spermatozoa = Dizygotic or Multizygotic
May develop by splitting of the zygote, morula, or blastocyst = Monozygotic

56
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Two ova and two sperm
Placenta may fuse
Separate amnion and chorion

57
Q

When placenta fuse, the blood vessels may anastomose & blood mixes forming blood group

A

chimesas

58
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

One ova and one sperm

Splitting

59
Q

Early separation

A

30 hours after fertilization

2 chorion, placenta and amnion

60
Q

Implanted close

A

Separated at 1 week
1 chorion and placenta
2 amnion

61
Q

Late separation

A

2 weeks
1 amnion, chorion and placenta
Conjoined, parasitic, or separate twins

62
Q

site of attachment of conjoined (Siamese) twins

A

Thoracopagus
Pygopagus
Craniopagus
Omphalopagus
Craniothoracopagus
Massive fusion

63
Q

the fertilization of two or more oocytes at different times.

A

Superfecundation

Embryology (5 decks)

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