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US Government - Paper 3 > Feminist key ideas > Flashcards

Feminist key ideas Flashcards

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1
Q

Two liberal feminist key thinkers

A
  1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman
  2. Simone de Beauvoir
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2
Q

Other liberal feminist NON-KEY thinkers

A
  1. Mary Wollstonecraft
  2. Betty Friedan
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3
Q

Socialist feminist key thinker

A

Sheila Rowbotham

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4
Q

Radical feminist key thinker

A

Kate Millet

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5
Q

Intersectionalist / Postmodern key thinker

A

bell hooks

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6
Q

What does Gilman argue is linked?

A

Sex and the capitalist economy were interlinked.

  • Women were reliant on their sexual assets to gratify their husbands, who in turn would support them financially.
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7
Q

How did Gilman view marriage?

A

Viewed marriage as comparable with prostitution, ‘the transient trade we think evil. The bargain for life we think good.’

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8
Q

What did Gilman argue gender roles are?

A

Gender roles are socially constructed from a young age.

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9
Q

What did Gilman argue about gender roles?

A
  • Misery of women’s private lives and the exploitative nature of domestic roles.
  • Societal pressure forced young girls to conform to motherhood with gender specific clothes and toys so she argued in favour of gender neutral clothes and toys.
  • She was also a proponent of communal living, which would undermine the capitalist patriarchal family structure and more evenly distribute child-care responsibilities.
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10
Q

What did Gilman wish to reverse?

A
  • Wished to reverse false consciousness so women could no longer see themselves as naturally frailer and weaker than men.
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11
Q

What did Gilman advocate for women?

A
  • She sought economic independence for women and advocated centralised nurseries and co-operative kitchens to give women freedom. and autonomy.
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12
Q

What did Gilman adopt from socialist ideas?

A
  • Believed that capitalism’s exploitative qualities reinforced patriarchy and that socialism would gradually succeed, allowing women and men to coexist in fair society and economy
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13
Q

Gilmans view on human nature

A

Women are equal to men and biological differences are largely irrelevant.

  • However she did accept that there were innate female qualities whilst also believing in the societal conditioning of gender roles
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14
Q

Gilmans view on society

A

Women have historically been assigned inferior roles in society

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15
Q

Gilmans view on the economy

A
  • Men dominate the economy because societal norms obligate women to a domestic role
  • Argued that economic independence was a fundamental part of female emancipation and that there must be equality of opportunity within the workplace
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16
Q

What does De Beauvoir argue that femininity is?

A
  • Femininity is an artificial societal construct.
  • The biological differences between men and women have been used by a male-dominated state and society as a justification for predetermining the gender roles of women.
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17
Q

What does De Beauvoir mean by ‘Otherness’

A

‘Otherness’ is imposed on women by men. Male domination means that men are the ‘first sex’ whereas women are the ‘second sex’, leaving women subordinate to men.

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18
Q

What is De Beauvoir’s famous quote on gender being a social construct?

A

“One is not born but rather becomes a woman”

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19
Q

What does De Beauvoir argue that women had been dominated in part because of their…?

A
  • Their bodies:
    ‘her ovaries condemn her to live forever on her knees’.
  • Argued that contraceptives, abortion, rejection of the family and monogamy would allow women to compete with men in society.
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20
Q

What did De Beauvoir argue weakened women’s position in society?

A
  • Consumptive materialism (the idea that society has become addicted to purchasing consumer goods) inherent within capitalism
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21
Q

What is De Beauvoir’s book

A

Wrote “The Second Sex” 1949

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22
Q

De Beauvoir’s view on human nature

A

Gender differences are not natural but the creation of men

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23
Q

De Beauvoir’s view on state

A

The state reinforces a male-dominated culture that limits women’s authority and freedom

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24
Q

De Beauvoir’s view on society

A

Societal norms restrain both men and women from achieving self- realisation and true freedom of expression

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25
Q

De Beauvoir’s view on economy

A

Men dominate economic life which limits the life choices open to women

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26
Q

What did Rowbotham argue that capitalism did?

A
  • Capitalism worsened the oppression of women, forcing them to sell their labour to survive in the workplace and to surrender their labour to the family home
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27
Q

What did Rowbotham argue that the family performs?

A
  • A dual function: to subject and discipline women to the demands of capitalism and to offer a place of refuge for men from the alienation of capitalism
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28
Q

What did Rowbotham argue is needed?

A
  • A revolution within a revolution was needed to destroy both capitalism and patriarchy
  • Argued that women have always been oppressed
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29
Q

What did Rowbotham argue that marriage was like?

A
  • Marriage was like feudalism with women akin to serfs paying feudal dues to their husbands
30
Q

Rowbotham’s view on human nature

A

Female consciousness is socially constructed by men

31
Q

Rowbotham’s view on the state

A

The state facilitates capitalism which in turn oppresses women

32
Q

Rowbotham’s view on the society

A

Capitalist society reinforced the dominance of establishment males to the detriment of women

33
Q

Rowbotham’s view on the economy

A

Women’s main role in the economy is to provide a reserve army of labour

34
Q

What did Millet argue the family unit is?

A
  • Foundation of patriarchal thought.
  • Children were socialised into gender roles that they grew up perceiving as normal.
  • Marriage also saw women lose their identity by taking their husbands surnames.
35
Q

What was Millett’s proposed solutions to patriarchy ?

A
  • Dismantling of the family unit for communal living and child rearing.
36
Q

What did Millet argue that the patriarchy granted men ownership of?

A
  • Granted men ownership over their wife and children, entrenching sexism with the idea of male superiority.
37
Q

What did Millet argue the family socialised the young into recognising?

A
  • Socialised the young into recognising masculine authority and female marginalisation within society.
38
Q

What did Millet argue that the patriarchy reinforced?

A

Patriarchy reinforced heterosexualism as superior to bisexual or same-sex relationships.

39
Q

Where did Millet argue that women’s gender roles were stereotyped in?

A

Art and literature.

40
Q

How does Millet define patriarchy?

A

‘Rule of men’ in both the private and public spheres of society.

41
Q

Where did Millet perceive social construction as beginning in?

A
  • Childhood within the family unit, meaning that gender roles are neither natural or inevitable
42
Q

What did Millet argue for?

A
  • A change in social consciousness, a revolution in the head, whereby patriarchy would eliminated from people’s minds so that there was gender equality in the home, the workplace and within culture
43
Q

Millet’s view on human nature

A

Women are oppressed by men and should free themselves by engaging in lesbian relationships

44
Q

Millet’s view on state

A

The state facilitates patriarchy

45
Q

Millet’s view on society

A

Society is patriarchal in both the public and private spheres

46
Q

Millet’s view on economy

A

Loosely resembles socialism but is peripheral to her feminism

47
Q

What did bell hooks feel like feminism was too focused on and what did she focus on?

A
  • Middle and upper class, college-educated white women.
  • She focused on women of colour and all social classes.
48
Q

What did bell hooks ideas greatly influence the ideas of

A
  • ‘intersectionality’ - which challenged the feminist assumption that gender was the most important factor in determining a woman’s life experiences and women have multiple, overlapping identities that affect their experiences as well as experiences of discrimination
49
Q

What term does bell hooks use to represent the intersectionality of these systems?

A
  • Imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy
50
Q

What did bell hooks perceive social construction as beginning in?

A

Childhood within the family unit, meaning that gender roles are neither natural or inevitable

51
Q

What does bell hooks describe patriarchy as?

A

‘Single-most life threatening social disease’ that blights society

52
Q

What is bell hooks view on human nature?

A

Women have multiple identities and therefore experience multiple forms of oppression

53
Q

What is bell hooks view on state

A

White men dominate the state at the expense of women

54
Q

What is bell hooks view on society

A
  • Society is a multifaceted arrangement between multiple minority groups.
  • Women who are of lower class and of a racial minority are oppressed on several levels eg Black working- class women
  • Love is “the basic desire to make our survival a shared effort” and should be placed at the forefront of progressive circles because, through viewing love as the foundation of political thought, community and the collective good is emphasised
55
Q

What is bell hooks view on economy

A

Women face different levels of oppression.

E.g., white middle- class, college-educated women face oppression but are more liberated than Black working- class women

Capitalism and the patriarchy are ‘structures of domination’ which undermine the “larger unit of extended kin”

56
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?

A

Argued for political equality and that women should have the right to vote.

  • Argued that political emancipation would lead to gender equality and legal equality, particularly in relation to the economic sphere of property-ownership
57
Q

What did Betty Friedan argue for?

A

‘The Feminine Mystique’(1963) highlighted the dissatisfaction experienced by many women living domestic lives as wives and mothers

  • Emphasised the concept of otherness and that women should be free to choose the roles they took be it the working world dominated by men, traditional domestic roles or a combination of the two
58
Q

What does liberal feminism believe?

A
  • Believe individualism as the basis of gender equality
59
Q

What does radical feminism believe?

A
  • Believes that the biggest problem facing
    society is gender inequality
60
Q

Meaning of the personal is political

A
  • The idea that all relationships, both in
    society and in private relationships, between men and women are based on power and dominance
61
Q

Meaning of patriarchy

A
  • Society, state and the economy are characterised by systematic, institutionalised and pervasive gender oppression
62
Q

Meaning of sex and gender

A
  • Sex refers to biological differences between men and women.
  • Gender refers to the different roles that
    society ascribes to men and women
63
Q

What does socialism feminism believe?

A
  • Believes that gender inequality stems from
    economics and that capitalism creates patriarchy
64
Q

Meaning of intersectionality

A
  • Argues that black and working-class women’s experiences of patriarchy in state, society and the economy are different from white, m/c women
65
Q

Meaning of equality feminism and difference feminism

A
  • Equality feminists seek equality for men and women in society.
  • Difference feminists argue that men and women have a fundamentally different nature from one another
66
Q

Two key beliefs of bell hooks

A
  1. Women of colour
    - She brought the cultural concerns of women of colour into the mainstream feminist movement.
  2. Intersectionality
    - The mainstream feminist movement had
    focused mostly on the plight of white, college-educated, middle/upper-class women who had no stake in the concerns of
    women of colour.
67
Q

Two key beliefs from Sheila Rowbotham

A
  1. Capitalism
    – Women are forced to sell their labour to survive and use their labour to support their family under the capitalist system.
  2. The family
    - Not just an instrument for disciplining and subjecting women to capitalism but a place where men took refuge from alienation under a capitalist economy.
68
Q

What does post modern feminism believe?

A
  • Believe that patriarchy manifests in
    different ways depending on a woman’s race, class etc.
69
Q

Two key beliefs from Simone de Beauvoir

A
  1. Sex versus gender
    – ‘one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman’.
  2. ‘Otherness’
    – Men are perceived as the ‘norm’ and women deviants from this norm.
70
Q

Two key beliefs from Kate Millett

A
  1. Family
    – Undoing the traditional family was the key to true sexual revolution.

2 Portrayal of women in art and literature
– She showed how patriarchal culture had produced writers and literary works that
were degrading to women.

US Government - Paper 3 (9 decks)

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