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Endo-Repro II > Female Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external female genitalia collectively referred to as?

A

The vulva.

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2
Q

What comprises the vulva?

A

The mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, opening of the urethra, vaginal vestibule, vestibular bulbs, and the vestibular glands.

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3
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone; is covered with pubic hair after puberty.

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4
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Prominent longitudinal folds of skin from the mons pubis. Is homologous to the male scrotum.

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5
Q

What ligament attaches into the labia majora?

A

The round ligament of the uterus.

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6
Q

What is the vascular supply of the labia majora?

A

Branches of the internal and external pudendal arteries.

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7
Q

What is the nervous supply of the labia majora?

A

The ilioinguinal (anterior labial) and pudendal (posterior labial) nerves.

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8
Q

What are the labia minora?

A

Two small folds of skin between the labia majora.

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9
Q

What do the upper portions of the labia minora (near the clitoris) form?

A

Forms the prepuce of the clitoris, a small hood over the glans clitoris.

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10
Q

What do the lower portions of the labia minora (near the clitoris) form?

A

The frenulum of the clitoris.

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11
Q

What does the labia minora enclose?

A

The vestibule of the vagina.

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12
Q

What is the vestibule of the vagina?

A

Where the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands open.

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13
Q

What is on either side of the urethral orifice?

A

Openings of the paraurethral glands, homologues of the prostate.

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14
Q

What does the clitoris originate as?

A

Two crura that enlarge to become erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosum clitoridis. The distal end is the glans clitoris.

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15
Q

Where is the opening of the urethra found?

A

Just inferior to the clitoris.

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16
Q

What are the vestibular bulbs (clitoral bulbs)?

A

Homologues to the bulb of the penis that line the inner surface of the clitoral crura. The urethral opening and vaginal opening lie between them.

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17
Q

What are the vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands)?

A

Homologues of the bulbourethral glands in males. Located at the base of each vestibular bulb which secrete mucus into the vestibule.

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18
Q

What are the clitoral crura attached to, and what muscle covers them?

A

The two crura are attached to the ishiopubic ramus and are covered by the ischiocavernosus muscles.

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19
Q

What muscle covers the vestibular bulbs?

A

The bulbospongiosus.

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20
Q

What are the two peritoneal reflections in the female pelvis?

A

The vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine pouch.

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21
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A double fold of peritoneum enclosing the uterus, uterine tubes, round ligament of the uterus, ligament of the ovaries, as well as the ovarian and uterine vessels/nerves.

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22
Q

What are the three parts of the broad ligament?

A

The mesosalpinx, mesovarium, and mesometrium.

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23
Q

What does the mesosalpinx cover?

A

The uterine tubes.

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24
Q

What does the mesovarium cover?

A

The ligament of the ovary and the hilum of the ovary. It is important to note though that the ovaries are NOT enclosed in the broad ligament.

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25
Q

What does the mesometrium cover?

A

Attaches the uterus to the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis.

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26
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

On the posterior aspect of the broad ligament.

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27
Q

What attaches the lateral borders of the ovaries to the body wall?

A

The suspensatory ligament of the ovaries (a sleeve of peritoneum).

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28
Q

What does the suspensatory ligament of the ovaries contain?

A

The ovarian vessels and nerves.

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29
Q

What allows the superior poles of the ovaries to be in contact with the infundibulum (uterine tube)?

A

A singular (b/l) ovarian fimbria (longest of the uterine tube fimbriae).

30
Q

What attaches the inferior poles of the ovaries to the uterus?

A

The ligament of the ovary.

31
Q

What are the four parts of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A

The intramural portion, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum.

32
Q

What is the intramural uterine tube?

A

The portion within the walls of the uterus.

33
Q

What is the isthmus uterine tube?

A

A short portion next to the body of the uterus.

34
Q

What is the ampulla of the uterine tube?

A

The widest and longest part of the tube. It is the area where fertilization takes place (and where most ectopic pregnancies take place).

35
Q

What is the infundibulum of the uterine tube?

A

The most distal part of the tube that projects over the ovary. Has many fimbria that help to entrap and direct the oocyte.

36
Q

What is the abdominal ostium?

A

An opening that allows the infundibulum of the uterine tube to communicate with the peritoneal cavity (allows the oocyte to enter the uterine tube).

37
Q

What is the clinical significance of the abdominal ostium?

A

It provides a direct route for infections to spread from the peritoneal cavity to the uterine tubes, and vice versa (vaginal, uterine, or uterine tube infections spreading into the peritoneal cavity).

38
Q

What are the divisions of the uterus?

A

The fundus, the body, and the cervix.

39
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

The rounded, superior portion that projects slightly superior to the openings of the uterine tubes.

40
Q

What is the body of the uterus?

A

The upper 2/3 of the uterus.

41
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The lower 1/3 of the uterus.

42
Q

What are the communications of the cervix?

A

The cervix communicates superiorly with the uterine cavity via the internal os and inferiorly with the vagina via the external os. The lumen is the cervical canal.

43
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

The uterus is normally anteverted and anteflexed over the bladder.

44
Q

What is anteversion of the uterus?

A

The long axis of the uterus, which is at 90 degrees relative to the vagina.

45
Q

What is anteflexion of the uterus?

A

The anterior folding of the uterus at the level of the internal os.

46
Q

What are the supports of the uterus?

A

The pelvic diaphragm, the perineum, and various ligaments that all attach to the cervix.

47
Q

What is the transverse (cardinal) ligament?

A

a ligament located along the inferior border of the broad ligament. Attaches the cervix to the lateral body wall and contains the uterine vessels.

48
Q

Where is the perineal body located?

A

Between the vagina and anus at the level of the ischial tuberosities.

49
Q

What can happen if the supports of the uterus are compromised?

A

The uterus can become prolapsed.

50
Q

What are some abnormal positions of the uterus?

A

Retroverted and retroflexed.

51
Q

What is a consequence of the uterus projecting into the vaginal canal at a 90 degree angle?

A

It causes the formation of two recesses (fornixes) inside the vagina on either side of the external os.

52
Q

What is the anterior fornix related to?

A

The bladder.

53
Q

What is the posterior fornix related to?

A

The rectouterine pouch.

54
Q

What is clinically relevant about the posterior fornix?

A

It can be used to drain fluid from the rectouterine pouch (peritoneal fluid, pelvic abscesses, ect).

55
Q

What are the arteries of the female reproductive tract?

A

The uterine artery, the ovarian artery, the internal pudendal artery, and the external pudendal artery.

56
Q

What is the uterine artery?

A

A branch of the interior division of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus.

57
Q

What is the uterine artery’s relationship to the ureter?

A

The uterine artery crosses over the ureter (water under the bridge).

58
Q

What are the branches of the uterine artery?

A

The ascending, cervical, and descending (vaginal) branches.

59
Q

What is the ovarian artery?

A

A branch of the abdominal aorta that travels to the ovary within the suspensatory ligament.

60
Q

What does the ovarian artery anastomose with and what does it supply?

A

As it approaches the ureter it anastomoses with the uterine artery and supplies the ovaries, uterine tubes, and fundus of the uterus.

61
Q

What is the internal pudendal artery?

A

A branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac that supplies the vagina and external genitalia.

62
Q

What is the external pudendal artery?

A

A branch of the femoral artery that supplies the external genitalia.

63
Q

What do the uterine and vaginal veins form?

A

A vaginal venous plexus that drains into the internal iliac veins. Like the prostatic venous plexus, it drains into the vertebral venous plexi (ovarian cancer spread).

64
Q

What do veins from the ovaries and distal uterine tube form?

A

The ovarian plexus which becomes a single ovarian vein (similar to the testicular veins i.e. nutcracker syndrome, ect).

65
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?

A

They drain into the lateral or para-aortic LN (L1-L2).

66
Q

What is important about the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?

A

The lateral and para-aortic LN are not palpable (i.e. hard to detect ovary carcinoma metastasis).

67
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterine tubes and fundus?

A

The lateral and para-aortic LN (as well as the superficial inguinal LN)

68
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the body of the uterus?

A

The external iliac LN.

69
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the cervix?

A

The external iliac and sacral LN.

70
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?

A

The external iliac, internal iliac, sacral, and superficial inguinal LN.

71
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the external genitalia?

A

The superficial inguinal LN.

Endo-Repro II (6 decks)

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