Female Reproductive Systwm Flashcards
What three structures constitute the birth canal?
Uterus (lower segment), cervix, vagina
3 layers of the uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
What area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from?
Isthmus of uterus
C-section done on which part of uterus?
Lower segment of the uterus
Different parts of the fallopian tube?
Fimbriae, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Intramural/Uterine part
Normal orientation/position of the uterus?
Anteverted and anteflexed
If the uterus is very retroverted and retroflexed, what can happen during pregnancy?
Expanding uterus will mean bladder difficult to empty
unsure of this answer
Why does one need to know about the position of the uterus prior to carrying out a DNC?
To prepare the appropriate instrumentation
Through which fornix can you feel the rectouterine pouch? What is the clinical significance?
Posterior fornix. Masses in the rectouterine pouch can be investigated through bimanual palpation of the posterior fornix.
What ligament is known as the cardinal ligament and what is its main purpose?
Transverse cervical ligament. Acts as one of the main supports of the uterus.
Which part of the fallopian tube is the widest?
Ampulla
Where are eggs most frequently fertilised?
Ampulla
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy where the embryo has implanted outside the uterine cavity.
What is a cornual pregancy?
Pregnancy that occurs in a cavity of a rudimentary horn of the uterus.
2 ligaments supporting the ovary and their attachments.
1) Suspensory ligament of the ovary - ovary to lateral pelvic wall
2) Ligament of ovary - ovary to uterus
At what vertebral level do the ovarian arteries originate?
L2
Where do the ovarian veins drain?
Right: IVC
Left: left renal vein
What does ‘water under the bridge’ mean?
It’s referring to the uterine artery and the ureter that runs under it.
What structures may be damaged during surgery of the uterus?
Ureter and bladder
Lymph nodes draining ovary
Pre-aortic, para-aortic, lumbar
Lymph nodes draining fundus and upper uterine body
Pre-aortic lymph nodes
Lymph nodes draining most of uterine body
Internal iliac, external iliac, sacral
Lymph nodes draining uterine cervix and upper vagina
Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes
Lymph nodes draining lower vagina
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Breasts extend across which ribs?
Rib 2-6
What are the deep surface structures related to the breast? (3)
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis Minor
- Serratus Anterior
What is the blood supply of the breast? (Include the origin vessels)
Subclavian artery -> internal thoracic artery -> medial mammary arteries
Axillary artery -> lateral thoracic and posterior intercostal arteries -> lateral mammary arteries
Main groups of lymph nodes draining the breast (5)
- Parasternal
- Subclavian
- Central
- Posterior
- Pectoral
Which group of lymph nodes first receives lymph from the lateral quadrant of the breast tissue?
Posterior intercostal nodes
Treatment options for breast cancer
- Chemo + Hormone treatment
- Lumpectomy and biopsy
- Masectomy and lymph node biopsy
What is the difference between the maternal and foetal side of the placenta?
Maternal side is rough and spongy, the foetal side is smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord..
Functions of the placenta (4)
Gaseous exchange
Nutrient delivery
Waste removal
Hormone production
At which stage of labour does the placenta separate from the wall of the uterus?
3rd stage of labour
What are the structures in the umbillical cord?
2 arteries, 1 vein, Wharton’s jelly
Function of umbilical arteries in foetal circulation?
Carry deoxygenated blood away from the foetus
What structure does the umbilical vein persist as?
Ligamentum teres
What is the function of umbilical veins in foetal circulation?
Carry nutrients and oxygenated blood to the foetus
