Female Reproductive System

Question 0

Layers of uterus

Answer 0

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

Question 1

Maintenance of vaginal pH

Answer 1

Increased glycogen production by epithelium
Breakdown of glycogen by commensal lactobacilli in the vaginal cavity-> lactic acid production-> acidic pH
pH restricts flora to acid loving
Deters pathogens and fungi

Question 2

Endometrial changes in luteal phase

Answer 2

Primary decidual changes-> bulky stroma, saw toothed secretory glands, increased blood vessels
No fertilisation-> functional layer lost, re growth from basal layer under influence of oestrogen
Fertilisation-> secondary decidual changes-> glands become more active, spiral arteries remodel

Question 3

Menstural irregularities

Answer 3

Amenorrhoea-> absence of menstruation, primary endocrine abnormality or secondary to life style
Menorrhagia-> excessive bleeding
Dysmenorrhea-> excessive pain
Post menopausal bleeding-> malignant disease

Question 4

Function of mucin

Answer 4

Lubrication
Protection against bacteria ascent to uterus
Changes consistency through out menstrual cycle
Proliferative phase-> mucin thin, watery, abudant, alkaline
Ovulation-> up to 10 times more, less viscous
After ovulation-> more vicious and acidic, seals uterus

Question 5

Development of squamous metaplastic environment

Answer 5

Physiological replacement of diverted columnar epithelium by a newly formed squamous epithelium which is metaplastic
Irritation by acid results in proliferation of reserve cells to two layers
Proliferate and differentiate to form immature squamous metaplastic epithelium
No longer secretes glycogen

Question 6

Development of nabothian cysts

Answer 6

At the transformation zone stratified squamous epithelium can grow over the simple columnar
Some invaginations can become covered, loose their connection to surface
Continued mucin secretion results in cysts

Question 7

Consequences of squamous metaplasia

Answer 7

Blocking of encore vial glands-> cysts
Development of abnormal epithelium->progression to cancer
Linked to HP
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Increased mitotic activity
Breach basement membrane and invade cervical stoma

Question 8

Disorders of uterine tube

Answer 8

Tubal ectopic pregnancy

Acute and chronic salpingitis-> infection, acute inflammation, abscess formation, scarring can lead to blocked tube