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female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the female reproductive system consist of?

A

paired ovaries, paired oviducts, uterus, vagina, external genitalia

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2
Q

what are oocytes?

A

female gametes

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3
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

production of steroidal sex hormones

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4
Q

cell division occuring during production of female gametes involves what?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

what is the initiation of the menstrual cycle called?

A

menarche

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6
Q

what is the eventual cessation of the menstrual cycle called?

A

menopause

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7
Q

formation of ovaries?

A

during fetal development oogonia under mitosis to form primary oocytes that enter prophase of first meiotic division

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8
Q

what surrounds primary oocyte?

A

flattened squamous folliculuar cells forming PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

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9
Q

atresia

A

slow contincous degenerative process of oocytes after birth

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10
Q

what type of epithelium surrounds surface of ovary?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium. germinal epithelium.

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11
Q

what is tunica albuginea in ovary?

A

dense CT layer that lies between germinal epithelium and cortex

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12
Q

describe follicle growth and development

A

primordial follicles lined by follicular cells begin selection growth process for dominant follicle to achieve ovulation

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13
Q

what happens when oocyte enlarges?

A

squamous (flattened) follicular cells become cuboidal granulosa cells, or primary follicles, which then also become flattened as primary follicle develops

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14
Q

what is zona pellucida?

A

extracellular coat formed by oocytes secreting proteins

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15
Q

what develops the theca?

A

smooth muscle and connective tissue stromal cells surrounding the follicles

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16
Q

what is the theca interna?

A

highly vascularized. cells have LH receptors in response to sercrete androgens and progesterone

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17
Q

what is the theca externa?

A

outer layer of CT and smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

antrum?

A

fluids secreted by granulosa cells that nuture and protect oocyte

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19
Q

secondary follicle?

A

characterized by a fluid containing antrum

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20
Q

what is cumulus oophorus?

A

a thick mound of cells formed by granulosa cells that project into antrum towards the oocyte

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21
Q

what is the corona radiata?

A

cells of the cumulus oophorus that immediately surround oocyte. cells remain within oocyte at ovulation.

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22
Q

what is a graafian follicle?

A

a mature follicle. structure with large antrum and more prominent theca layers. granulosa cells loosen within cumulus oophorus

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23
Q

what is ovulation?

A

hormone mediated process resulting in release of secondary oocyte from graffian collicle.

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24
Q

what triggers first meiotic division of the primary oocyte to resume?

A

LH and FSH of pituitary 24 hours prior to ovulation.

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25
Q

what happens after first meiotic division of primary oocyte resumes?

A

secondary oocyte is formed and first polar body

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26
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

highly vascularized. after ovulation follicle collpases, granulosa and theca interna cells undergo reorginzation to form this.

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27
Q

what are granulosa lutein cells?

A

greatly enlarged granulosa cells

28
Q

what happens to theca interna in corpus luteum?

A

blood and lymphatic vessels rapidly grow, and cells become theca lutein cells

29
Q

what occurs in corpus luteum of pregnancy?

A

hCG produced by placenta maintains and promotes further growth of corpus luteum

30
Q

what happens to both corpus luteum of menstruation and pregnancy?

A

corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans, or a leftover scar

31
Q

what is atretic follicle?

A

each month only one graafian follicle undergoes ovulation and other developing follicles arrest and degenerate

32
Q

atresia?

A

degeneration of other developing follicles after one graafian follicle undergoes ovulation

33
Q

infundibulum?

A

funnel shaped opening fringed with extensions called fimbriae

34
Q

ampulla?

A

longest and expanded region where fertilization occurs

35
Q

isthmus?

A

narrow portion near uterus

36
Q

uterine or intramural part?

A

passes through wall of uterus and opens into uterine cavity

37
Q

what are oviducts composed of?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part

38
Q

mucosa of oviducts?

A

highly folded and made up of simple columnar ciliated cells and peg cells

39
Q

what are peg cells?

A

non ciliated fewer in number cells in oviducts that secrete nutritive glycoprotein mucus that bathes sperm and ovum

40
Q

muscularis of oviducts?

A

smooth muscle with relatively thick inner circular layer and thinner outer longtidinal layer

41
Q

serosa of oviducts?

A

thin layer of CT covered by mesothelium

42
Q

body of uterus?

A

large upper portion, receives uterine tubes

43
Q

fundus of uterus?

A

curved superior portion between uterine tubes

44
Q

isthmus of uterus?

A

narrow portion that ends at cervix

45
Q

cervix of uterus?

A

lower barrel shaped portion with internal os that opens to uterus, cervical canal that is lumen of cervix, and external os that opens to vagina

46
Q

endometrium of uterine wall?

A

mucosa

47
Q

myometrium of uterine wall?

A

very thick muscular layer, bundles of smooth muscles

48
Q

perimetrium of uterine wall?

A

outer CT layer, adventitia in some poart but largely a serosa with mesothelium

49
Q

epithelial tissue of endometrium?

A

simple columnar

50
Q

what does lamina propria of endometrium contain?

A

numerous tubular uterine glands

51
Q

what are the two zones of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionale and stratum basale

52
Q

stratum functionale

A

thickest part of endometrium, sloughed off during menstruation. includes epithelium and most of length of glands.

53
Q

stratum basale

A

adjacent to myometrium, retained during menstruation. serves as source of regeneration for stratum functionale.

54
Q

straight arteries?

A

supply stratum basale

55
Q

spiral arteries?

A

supply stratum functionale, progesterone-sensitive. if fertilization does not occur, degenerate causing ischemia of stratum functionale and a sloughing off of tissue (menstruation)

56
Q

ectocervix

A

portion that extends into vagina near external os. epithelial tissue is non kerantinzed stratified sqamous

57
Q

endocervix

A

uterine portion consisting of simple columnar epithelium. thick lamina propria with many cervical glands that secrete mucus

58
Q

transformation zone of cervix

A

point where endo and ecto meet, abrupt change of epithelium. MOST CERVICAL CANCERS BEGIN HERE. PAP SMEAR.

59
Q

mucosa of vagina?

A

non keratinzed stratified sqamous epithelium with lamina propria rich in elastic fibers and lacking glands

60
Q

TDLU

A

terminal duct lobular units. lobules of each mammary gland.

61
Q

areola

A

skin covering nipple contains sebaceous glands and many sensory nerves

62
Q

mammary glands in non lactating women?

A

TDLU lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, surrounded by myoepithelial cells. small attached alveolar glands consist of simple cuboidal epithelium. lactiferous sinuses are empty (stratified cuboidal epithelium)

63
Q

prolactin in pregnant and lactating women?

A

cause much proliferation in secretory alveoli (glands) at ends of ducts and production of milk

64
Q

oxytocin in pregnant and lactating women?

A

stimulates release of milk

65
Q

colostrum?

A

fluid rich in proteins and antibodies. ducts accumulate this late in pregnancy.

66
Q

components of milk?

A

lipid droplets form and release by apocrine secretion, lactose major carb and energy souce, and large amts of protein synthesized into secretory vesicles in merocrine secretion

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