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chapter 56 > female reproductive problems > Flashcards

female reproductive problems Flashcards

1
Q

Infertility

A

you can’t pregnant and you been trying for a 1 year

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2
Q

Abortion

A

Any loss or termination

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3
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

Natural loss before 20 weeks gestation (miss carriage)
-lose the baby naturally before 20 weeks

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4
Q

Induced abortion

A

Intentional or elective termination of pregnancy
-you chose to do it

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5
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome

A

Group of physical and psychological symptoms that occur a few days prior to menses
-symptoms that occur right before menstraul cycle

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6
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Abdominal cramping associated with menstrual flow;

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7
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Implantation of fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity
-the planting the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity

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8
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Infectious condition of the pelvic cavity
-an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs

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9
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

long intervals between menses; generally, longer 35 days

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10
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

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11
Q

Menorrhagia:

A

excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding
-a lot of bleeding

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12
Q

Metrorrhagia:

A

Irregular uterine bleeding or bleeding between menses
-Irregular bleeding

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13
Q

perimenopause

A

begins with the first changes in menstruation

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14
Q

Menopause

A

physiological cessation of menses; it is considered complete after 1 year

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15
Q

Postmenopause

A

is the time after menopause

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16
Q

Clinical manifestation - perimenopause

A

irregular menses, vasomotor instability (temp instability), stress/urges incontinence, breast tenderness, mood changes

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17
Q

Clinical manifestation - Postmenopause

A

cessation of menses, atrophy (deprogression of muscle or nerve tissue), osteoporosis

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18
Q

Endometriosis

A

-similar uterus lining grows outside the uterus
-Presence of normal endometrial tissue in sites outside of the endometrial cavity

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19
Q

Endometrisosis manifestation

A

secondary dysmenorrhea, infertility, pelvic pain, dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) and irregular bleeding

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20
Q

Treatment for Pre and Post menopause

A

Treatment might include hormone replacement, drug therapy, and alternative therapies.

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21
Q

Perimenopausal symptoms

A

symptoms include hot flashes, irregular vaginal bleeding, and gain weight.

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22
Q

PID treatment

A

antibiotics

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23
Q

LEIOMYOMAS

A

benign smooth muscle tumours that occur most
commonly within the uterus.

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24
Q

Leiomyomas symptoms

A

abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and symptoms associated with pelvic pressure.

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25
Q

Leiomyomas treatment

A

Treatment depends on the symptoms, the patient’s age, her desire to preserve her fertility, and the location and size of the tumour or tumours, and may include surgery.

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26
Q

endometrial cancer risk

A

estrogen, especially unopposed
estrogen.

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27
Q

Endometrial cancer treatment

A

abdominal hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) and Radiation and chemotherapy may also be given.

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28
Q

Ovarian cancer greatest risk

A

Family history

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29
Q

Ovarian cancer Treatment

A

Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation

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30
Q

UTERINE PROLAPSE

A

Uterine prolapse is the downward displacement of uterus into the vaginal canal.
-uterus facing downwards

31
Q

Uterine prolapse symptoms

A

dyspareunia, dragging or heavy pelvic feeling, backache, and bowel or bladder problems if cystocele or rectocele is also present.

32
Q

Cystocele

A

anterior wall prolapse, occurs when support between the vagina and the bladder is weakened

33
Q

Rectocele

A

posterior wall prolapse, results from weakening between the vagina and the rectum.

34
Q

Treatment for Uterine prolapse

A

Therapy depends on degree of prolapse and can include strengthening exercises, and a pessary (a device that is placed in the vagina to help support the uterus).

35
Q

PCOS

A

a genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive disorder

36
Q

PCOS - signs and symptoms

A

irregular periods, excess facial and body hair, severe acne, small cysts on ovaries, weight gain, infertility and male pattern hair loss

37
Q

Cervical cancer risk

A

human papillonmavirus infection

38
Q

Cervical cancer - Manifestation

A

Precancerous changes
leukorrhea and intermenstrual bleeding

39
Q

Cervical signs and symptoms

A

pain, weight loss, anemia (low red blood cells) and cachexia (loss of skeletal or muscle fat)

40
Q

Cervical cancer - diagnosis

A

cervical cancer screening (sexual active between age 21 and 69)
-Pap test every 1 - 3 years
FOLLOW up on positive test
-colposcopy, biopsy

41
Q

Endometrial or uterine cancer - diagnosis

A

endometrial biopsy

42
Q

Endometrial or uterine cancer - collaborative care

A

Surgery, radiation, progesterone therapy, chemotherapy

43
Q

Ovarian Cancer

A

Malignant neoplasm of the ovaries

44
Q

Ovarian cancer - diagnosis

A

No screening test exist
risk for women aged 55 - 65

45
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of the uterus and cervix
-will be infertile after surgery

46
Q

Hysterectomy - Nursing intervention

A

Relieve anxiety, relieve pain, assess hemoorhage, DVT, bladder

47
Q

Hysterectomy - teaching

A

waiting about 4 weeks before intercourse, check for infection

48
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal opening between internal organs or between an organ and the exterior of the body

49
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of prostate gland

50
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - cause

A

Caused by increase in number of epithelial cells and
stromal tissue

51
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - risk factors

A

Family history
* Obesity
* Physical activity level
* Alcohol consumption, smoking
* Diabetes

52
Q

BPH - Obstructive symptoms (Symptoms due to urinary retention)

A

Decrease in calibre of force of urinary stream
* Difficulty in initiating urination
* Intermittency
* Dribbling at end of voiding

53
Q

BPH - Irritative symptoms (Symptoms associated with inflammation or infection)

A

Urinary frequency and urgency
* Dysuria
* Bladder pain
* Nocturia
* Incontinence

54
Q

BPH - Drug therapy

A

5α-Reductase inhibitors
* Example: finasteride, duragen
* ↓ size of prostate gland
* Takes 3 to 6 months for improvement
* Side effects: decreased libido, decreased volume of ejaculation, ED

α-Adrenergic receptor blockers
* Examples: Flomax
* Promote smooth muscle relaxation in prostate; facilitate urinary flow
* Improvement in 2 to 3 weeks
* Side effects: orthostatic hypotension and dizziness, retrograde ejaculation, nasal
congestion

55
Q

BPH - Treatment / Collaborative care
Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)

A

Outpatient procedure: delivers microwaves directly to prostate through a transurethral probe
* Heat causes death of tissue and relief of obstruction.
* Patient sent home with catheter for 2 to 7 days
* Side effects: bladder spasm, hematuria, dysuria, and retention

56
Q

BPH - Treatment / Collaborative care
Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)

A

↑ temperature of prostate tissue for localized necrosis
* Low-wave frequency used
* Only tissue in contact with needle affected
* Outpatient uses local anaesthesia and sedation.
* Complications include urinary retention, UTI, and irritative voiding symptoms.
* Some patients require a catheter.

57
Q

BPH - Treatment / Collaborative care
Laser prostatectomy

A

Delivers a laser beam transurethrally to cut or destroy parts of the prostate
* Common procedure: visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP)
* Takes several weeks to reach optimal results
* Urinary catheter inserted
* Contact laser techniques
* Minimal bleeding during and after procedure
* Fast recovery time
* Patients may take anticoagulants.

58
Q

BPH - Treatment / Collaborative care
Transurethral resection (TURP

A

Removal of obstructing prostate tissue
* Performed under spinal or general anaesthesia and requires hospital stay
* Bladder irrigated for first 24 hours to prevent mucus and blood clots
* Complications include bleeding, clot retention, dilutional hyponatremia, retrograde ejaculation.
* Patients must stop anticoagulants before surgery.

59
Q

PROSTATE CANCER

A

Malignant tumour of prostate

60
Q

Prostate Cancer - spread

A

Spreads by three routes:
Direct extension
* involves seminal vesicles, urethral mucosa, bladder wall, and external sphincter

Through lymph system
* system to the regional lymph nodes.

Through bloodstream
* Veins from the prostate seem to be a mode of spread.

61
Q

Prostate Cancer - Clinical manifestations and complications

A

Usually asymptomatic in early stages
* Eventually the patient may experience symptoms similar to BPH:
* Dysuria
* Dribbling
* Frequency
* Urgency
* Hematuria
* Nocturia
* Retention
* Interruption of urinary stream
* Inability to urinate

62
Q

Prostate Cancer - Diagnostic

A

Two primary screening tools:
* DRE (digital rectal examination)
* PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test

  • Biopsy of prostate tissue is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
  • Elevated PSA is just an indicator of cancer - Does not mean patient has cancer
  • Cancer cannot be diagnosed without biopsy
63
Q

Prostate Cancer - collaborative Care

A

Watchful waiting when:
* Life expectancy is less than 10 years
* Presence of significant co-morbid disease
* Presence of low-grade, low-stage tumour

Surgical therapy
* Radical prostatectomy
* Nerve-sparing surgical procedure
* Cryosurgery

Radiation therapy
* External beam irradiation
* Most widely used method of radiation for prostate cancer
* Brachytherapy

Drug therapy
* Hormone therapy
* Luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonists
* Orchiectomy = removal of 1 or both testes = removing the testosterone
* Chemotherapy

64
Q

Prostatis

A

Broad term that describes a group of acute or chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the prostate gland
* Usually results from infection

65
Q

Prostatis - manifestation

A

4 categories
* Acute bacterial prostatitis
Fever; chills; back pain; perineal pain; acute urinary symptoms

Chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis–pelvic pain syndrome
* Similar symptoms but milder
* Obstruction symptoms are uncommon
* Clinical features may mimic UTI

  • Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
66
Q

prostatis - diagnosis

A

Diagnostic studies
* Urinalysis and urine culture are indicated
* White blood cell count and blood cultures in presence of fever
* PSA test to rule out prostate cancer; levels may be elevated with prostatic inflammation
* Microscopic evaluation and culture of expressed prostate secretion

67
Q

Vasectomy

A

Bilateral surgical ligation of the vas deferens
* Does not affect the production of hormones, ability to
ejaculate, or mechanism related to erection or orgasm

68
Q

Erectile Dysfunction

A

Inability to attain or maintain an erect penis

69
Q

Erectile Dysfunction - manifestation

A

Self-report of problems associated with sexual function
* Major complications: inability to perform sexually; personal issues

70
Q

Erectile Dysfunction - collaborative care

A

Collaborative care
* Oral drug therapy
* Vacuum constriction devices
* Intraurethral devices
* Penile implants
* Sexual counselling

71
Q

HYPOSPADIAS

A

Males are born with an opening of the urethra on the bottom/underside of the penis

72
Q

EPISPADIAS

A

Males are born with an opening of the urethra on the top of the penis; this is more rare

73
Q

PHIMOSIS

A

The inability of the foreskin to retract; skin over the head of the penis and won’t move down

74
Q

PARAPHIMOSIS

A

Foreskin is retracted in uncircumcised males and you cant get it back over the head of the penis; skin is strangling/ constricting blood flow

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