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MD3002 Reproductive > Female Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location of the ovaries

A
  • suspended by mesentery
  • supported by suspensory ligament of ovary and ovarian ligament
  • lies in ovarian fossa
    (superior: external iliac vessels
    inferior: obturator nerve
    anterior: broad ligament
    posterior: ureter and internal iliac vessels)
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2
Q

Where is pain from the ovaries referred to?

A
  • medial thigh

- due to obturator nerve

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3
Q

Describe the position of the uterine tubes and their function

A
  • found enclosed within the mesosapinx (mesentery)

- converys the ovum from the ovaries to the uterine cavity through peristaltic movement and cilia

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4
Q

Describe the different parts of the uterine tubes

A
  • infundibulum: most lateral part of tube, lumen opens into peritoneal cavity
  • fimbriae (attached to infundibulum): finger-like projections, picks up ovum
  • ampulla: site of fertilisation
  • isthmus: has thickest wall, attaches ampulla to uterine horn
  • intra-mural: running through uterine wall into the body and cavity of uterus
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5
Q

What are the functions and parts of the uterus?

A

Functions:

  • development of embryo/foetus
  • expulsion of foetus during childbirth

Parts:

  • body (including fundus)
  • isthmus
  • cervix
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6
Q

Expand on the body of the uterus

A
  • has a fundus
  • has a uterine cornua (horns) where the uterine tubes enter
  • has a cavity which is the site of implantation
  • separated from cervix by isthmus
  • 3 layers: perimetrium (visceral layer of peritoneum), myometrium (smooth muscle layer), endometrium (functional and basal layer)
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7
Q

What are the relationships of the uterus?

A
  • sits between bladder and rectum
  • lies in true pelvis
  • uterine artery crosses over ureter
  • separated from surrounding structures by the peritoneum forming pouches (vesicouterine (shallow) and rectouterine pouches (deep))
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8
Q

Expand on the cervix

A
  • mostly fibrous
  • small amount of elastin
  • inferior aspect: dome shaped and bulges into vagina
  • forms fornices
  • internal and external os with canal in between
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9
Q

Describe the different areas of epithelium in the cervix

A
  • endocervix: columnar epithelium
  • ectocervix (extends into vagina): non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
  • transformation zone: area where epithelium starts to change from columnar to stratified squamous
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10
Q

What are the normal angles of the uterus?

A
  • axis of cervix is 90 degrees with angle of vagina (anteversion)
  • if backwards then retroversion
  • adult uterus is bent forward on itself at level of internal os to form 170 degree angle (anteflexion)
  • if over 180 then retroflexion
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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the uterine angles?

A

retroversion and/or retroflexion can cause backache and difficulty conceiving

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12
Q

What are the important features of the vagina?

A
  • runs from cervix to the vestibule
  • has a collapsed vaginal canal
  • internal end is enlarged (forming vaginal vault)
  • fornices open into internal end (1 anterior, 1 posterior, 2 lateral)
  • contains lactobacilli (help maintain acidity in vagina)
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13
Q

What are the relations of the vagina?

A
  • anterior: bladder and urethra
  • posterior: rectum, posterior fornix related to rectouterine pouch
  • latera: ureter passes lateral to lateral fornix, levator ani, pelvic fascia
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14
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • insertion of penis and receives ejaculate during sexual intercourse
  • canal for menstrual fluid
  • part of birth canal
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15
Q

Describe the positioning, parts and contents of the broad ligament

A

Positioning:

  • from lateral pelvic wall to uterus
  • keeps uterus in place but allows movement

Parts:

  • mesometrium
  • mesosalpinx
  • mesovarium

Contents:

  • uterine tube in superior margin
  • suspensory ligament of ovary
  • round ligament of uterus
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16
Q

What are the ligaments of the gubernaculum and where do they run?

A
  • round ligament of uterus (remnant of lower gubernaculum): from cornua of uterus to labia majora
  • round ligament of ovary (remnant of upper gubernaculum): from cornua of uterus to ovary
17
Q

Describe the supporting muscles and fascia of the uterus

A
  • muscles of pelvic floor support uterus
  • condensation of fascia form supportive ligaments:
  • pubocervical ligament (anteriorly)
  • transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament (lateral)
  • uterosacral ligament (posterior)
  • rectovaginal septum: separates posterior vagina from rectum
18
Q

Describe features of the urethra

A
  • lies in anterior vaginal wall and opens in vestibule
  • externally has paraurethral glands that open into vestibule
  • one on each side of lateral margin of urethra
19
Q

What are the parts of the external genitalia?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • vestibule
  • hymen
  • bulbs of vestibule
  • greater vestibular glands
20
Q

Elaborate on mons pubis and labia majora

A

Mons pubis:

  • fatty superficial tissue overlying pubic symphysis
  • protection

Labia majora:

  • continuation of mons pubis moving laterally and posteriorly
  • fatty tissue with sebaceous glands
  • where round ligament of uterus enters internally
  • posterior commissure separates it from perineum
  • pudendal cleft between each labia majora
21
Q

Elaborate on the labia minora and the clitoris

A

Labia minora:

  • surround vestibule and external urethral opening
  • bifurcate anteriorly to form frenulum and hood of clitoris
  • unite posteriorly at fourchette

Clitoris:

  • anteriorly is cavernous tissue
  • 2 crura, glans, hood and frenulum
22
Q

Elaborate of the vestibule and hymen

A

Vestibule:

  • between 2 labia minora
  • contains external urethral sphincter and vaginal introitus opening

Hymen:

  • surrounds vaginal introitus
  • thin mucosal fold
  • its structure varies from person to person and at different stages of life
23
Q

Expand of the bulbs of the vestibule and the greater vestibular glands

A

Bulbs of vestibule:

  • on either side of introitus and medial to labia minora
  • paired masses of elongated erectile tissue
  • covered in spongiosus tissue

Greater Vestibular Glands:

  • posterior to bulbs
  • drain into vestibule
  • secrete mucus during sexual intercourse
  • can become infected and form cysts or abscesses
24
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the female repro system

A
  • ovaries: ovarian artery (from aorta at L2)
  • uterine tubes: tubal branches from ovarian and uterine arteries
  • uterus: uterine artery (from internal iliac)
  • vagina: vaginal artery (from internal iliac)
  • external genitalia: internal pudendal branches from internal iliac, and external pudendal branches from femoral arteries
  • urethra: internal pudendal and vaginal arteries
25
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the female repro system

A
  • ovaries: pampiniform plexus to ovarian vein to IVC on R/L renal vein
  • uterine tube: tubal veins to ovarian veins to uterovaginal plexus
  • uterus: uterovaginal plexus to uterine veins to internal iliac veins
  • vagina: uterovaginal plexus to internal iliac veins
  • external genitalia: internal pudendal to internal iliac, external pudendal to femoral, clitoris to deep dorsal vein to vesical plexus
  • urethra: internal pudendal and vaginal veins
26
Q

Describe the lymph drainage of the female repro system

A
  • ovaries: para-aortic lumbar nodes
  • uterine tubes: para-aortic, superficial inguinal nodes
  • uterus and proximal vagina: internal iliac nodes
  • distal vagina: deep and superficial inguinal nodes
  • external genitalia: superficial inguinal nodes
  • urethra: external and internal iliac nodes
27
Q

Describe the nerve supply and referred pain of the female repro system

A
  • ovary and distal uterine tube: sympathetics from T10-11 (referred peri-umbilical pain)
  • proximal uterine tube and body above pelvic pain line: parasympathetics from S2-4 (referred pain suprapubic)
  • uterine cervix and proximal vagina below pelvic pain line: parasympathetics from S2-4 (pain felt in deep pelvis)
  • distal vagina: somatic pudendal nerve S2-4 and sympathetics (localised pain)
  • urethra: vesical plexus and pudendal nerve
  • external genitalia: pudendal, ilioinguinal and genital branch of genitofemoral nerves

MD3002 Reproductive (35 decks)

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