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Embryology > Female reproductive cycle > Flashcards

Female reproductive cycle Flashcards

1
Q

The ovarian cycle occurs in the …………. of the ovary.

A

Cortex

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2
Q

Mention the three phase of the endometrial cycle

A
  1. The follicular phase ( in the first half of the cycle)
  2. Ovulation (at about the middle of the cycle)
  3. The luteal phase (in the second half of the cycle.
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3
Q

The other follicles that don’t mature into a grafian follicle undergo atresia (degeneration), forming ………………….

A

Corpus atreticum

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4
Q

The developing Graafian follicle secretes ……………….., which is responsible for the proliferative phase of uterine cycle.

A

oestrogen

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5
Q

FSH is secreted by ……………………

A

FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

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6
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen?

A

•Causes the uterine endometrium to enter into
follicular or proliferative phase
•Cause thinning of cervical mucus to allow passage of sperm
•Stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete LH.

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7
Q

What activities does the LH surge lead to?

A

•Elevates concentration of maturation-promoting factors, causing oocytes to complete meiosis I and initiate Meiosis II
•Stimulate the production of Progesterone by follicular stromal cells (Luteinisation)
•Cause follicular rupture and Ovulation.

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8
Q

………………. is the process of rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of matured ovum from the ovary

A

Ovulation

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9
Q

The time of ovulation is variable but it is usually on the ………. day of the ovarian cycle.

A

14th

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10
Q

The cause of ovulation is attributed to ………

A

Inhibition of FSH
Stimulation of LH secretion by the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

………………. phase is about the formation of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone hormone

A

Luteal phase

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12
Q

The follicular phase is also known as …………..

A

preovulatory, estrogenic phase

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13
Q

The luteal phase is also know as ………..

A

postovulatory, progestational phase

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14
Q

A short note on corpus hemorrhagicum

A

Following ovulation the residual granulosa cells and thecal interna cells in the wall of ruptured follicle, become vascularized by surrounding blood vessels. The wall of the ovarian follicle collapses and become folded due to sudden release of the pressure inside it. Bleeding therefore occurs inside the follicle with the formation of a blood clot. This stage last for about 3 days before it changes into corpus luteum.

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15
Q

A short note on the corpus luteum;

A

The ruptured follicle is gradually transformed into the corpus luteum. The granulosa cells enlarge, become polyhedral and develop a yellowish carotenoid pigment, lutein

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16
Q

Corpus luteum has the function of secreting ……………..

A

progesterone, and small amount of estrogen.

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17
Q

The persistence of corpus luteum of pregnancy is induced by …………………

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

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18
Q

HCG is secreted by ……………

A

The placenta

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19
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum?

A

If there is no fertilization, it persists for 9-14 days (corpus luteum of menstruation), then rapidly degenerate to become the corpus albicans (fibrous body).

But if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum persists for 4 months (corpus luteum of pregnancy), then slowly degenerate, and its function is taken by the placenta. The persistence of corpus luteum of pregnancy is induced by Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is secreted by the placenta

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20
Q

Describe the hormonal control of the ovarian cycle

A

• The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that causes maturation of primary ovarian follicle, to the mature Graafian follicle, and consequently secretion of oestrogen by the grafian follicle.

• In the mid cycle, oestrogen inhibits FSH secretion and stimulates the secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary and LH causes ovulation.

•In the second half of the cycle, LH changes the corpus haemorrhagicum into corpus luteum and LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen.

•Progesterone inhibits the production of LH, leading to regression of the corpus luteum

•Decreasing oestrogen level stimulates FSH secretion and a new cycle starts.

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21
Q

………….. stimulates FSH secretion

A

Decreasing oestrogen level

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22
Q

…………….. inhibits the production of LH

A

Progesterone

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23
Q

…………………… leads to regression of the corpus luteum

A

Inhibition of LH production

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24
Q

………. stimulates a new cycle

A

FSH secretion

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25
Q

…………….. changes the corpus haemorrhagicum into corpus luteum

A

LH

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26
Q

………….. stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen

A

LH

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27
Q

…………….. inhibits FSH secretion

A

Oestrogen

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28
Q

………….. stimulates the secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary

A

Oestrogen

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29
Q

…………. hormone causes ovulation

A

Leutinizing hormone

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30
Q

………………… causes maturation of primary ovarian follicle to Graafian follicle

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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31
Q

……………. secretes oestrogen

A

Graafian follicle

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32
Q

The menstrual cycle occurs in the ……………. of the uterus

A

endometrium

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33
Q

The phases of the endometrial cycle include

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Regenerative
  3. Proliferative
  4. Secretory phases
34
Q

A typical mental cycle is about ………… days

A

28

35
Q

Describe the menstrual phase of the endometrial cycle

A

The degeneration of corpus luteum at the end of ovarian luteal phase leads to a decreased level of progesterone and oestrogen with the result of temporal spasm of the spiral arteries supplying the superficial 2/3rd of the endometrium, this in turn lead to ischemia and necrosis of the superficial 2/3rd of the endometrium and the walls of the capillaries. When the spasm is relieved, blood escapes from the damaged capillaries and it flows with necrosed endometrium (menses).

36
Q

The source of menstrual flow comes from the endometrium above the level of the cervix, true or false

A

True

37
Q

The cervix and the uterine tubes share in the menstrual flow, true or false

A

False

38
Q

The cervix and the uterine tubes share in the menstrual flow, true or false

A

False

39
Q

The …………. layer of the endometrium is never sloughed off

A

Basal

40
Q

The functional layer, which is sloughed off during menses is formed by ……………….layers of the endometrium

A

stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum (The superficial parts of the endometrium)

41
Q

At the end of the menstrual phase the endometrium is about ………….. thick

A

0.5mm

42
Q

The menstrual flow is constituted of ……………….

A

epithelial cells (endometrial casts) and blood

43
Q

The average duration of menstruation is about …….. days

A

3-5 days

44
Q

Why does menstrual blood not clot?

A

due to the presence of proteolytic enzymes destroying the proteins needed for coagulation of the blood

45
Q

The average volume of menstrual blood is ………

A

50-60cc

46
Q

Amenorrhea refers to ……..

A

Absence of menstruation, as in pregnancy

47
Q

Menorrhagia means ……………

A

Increased menstrual flow

48
Q

What’s a word for decreased menstrual flow?

A

Oligomenorrhea

49
Q

What is polymenorrhea?i

A

Increased frequency of menstruation

50
Q

Mention the variations in the menstrual phase

A

Amenorrhea
Polymenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Oligomenorrhea

51
Q

Regeneration of the endometrium is carried out by the ……….

A

stratum basale

52
Q

Regeneration occurs from the …………. day of a typical cycle

A

4th to the 6th day

53
Q

The epithelium of the ……………… proliferates to complete the epithelial lining of the denuded mucous membrane

A

Fundi of the glands

54
Q

At the end of the regenerative phase, the epithelium reaches thickness of ………….

A

2mm

55
Q

…………….. phase occurs from the 7th to 15th day of the menstrual cycle

A

Proliferative phase

56
Q

The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle corresponds with the ………………. phase of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular stage

57
Q

The premenstrual phase occurs from …………day of the cycle

A

16th - 28th

58
Q

The premenstrual phase corresponds to the luteal phase of the ………………

A

ovarian cycle

59
Q

The premenstrual phase is controlled by …………… hormone

A

progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum.

60
Q

The proliferative phase is controlled by …………… hormone

A

oestrogen secreted by the ovarian (Graafian) follicle

61
Q

At the end of the secretory phase; the endometrium is columnar and differentiated into 3 strata; name them from superficial to deep

A
  1. Stratum compactum; it is a compact layer containing neck of the uterine glands.
  2. Stratum spongiosum; it is a loose (edematous) layer containing the body of uterine glands.
  3. Stratum basale; it is a thin basal layer containing the fundi of the uterine glands. It is responsible for the regeneration of the shed endometrium.
62
Q

What is the state of the uterine glands in the secretory phase?

A

The uterine glands are tortuous, spiral (cockscrew) and loaded with secretion, which is rich in mucin and glycogen.

63
Q

What is the state of the uterine glands in the proliferative phase?

A

The uterine glands are straight, long and widely separated with little or no secretion

64
Q

What is the state of the uterine glands in the regenerative phase?

A

straight and narrow

65
Q

The thickness of the endometrium increases to ……….. in the proliferative phase

A

4mm

66
Q

The lining of the endometrium is ………. In the proliferative phase

A

Cuboidal

67
Q

What is the state of the uterine endometrium in the secretory phase?

A

The endometrium is 10mm thick
Soft, velvet
Loaded with water

68
Q

Outline the two types of arteries supplying the endometrium

A

Short straight basal arteries which are limited to the stratum basale

Long superficial spiral arteries extending through the whole depth of the endometrium and are the main vessels of the endometrium

69
Q

Middle pain and rise in temperature are signs of …………..

A

Ovulation

70
Q

some women fail to ovulate due to a low concentration of ……………..

A

Gonadotropins

71
Q

A condition in which some women fail to ovulate due to a low concentration of Gonadotropins is known as ………….

A

Anovulation

72
Q

In humans, the fertilized oocyte reaches the uterine lumen in …………. days.

A

approximately 3 to 4

73
Q

If fertilization fails to occur the corpus luteum shrinks and forms a mass of fibrotic scar tissue known as …………….

A

Corpus albicans

74
Q

If fertilization fails to occur, the corpus luteum reaches maximum development in ……. days after ovulation.

A

9

75
Q

If the oocyte is fertilized, degeneration of the corpus luteum is prevented by …………….

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

76
Q

HCG is produced by the ………… of the embryo

A

trophoblast of the developing embryo

77
Q

The corpus luteum of pregnancy is also known as …………

A

corpus luteum graviditatis

78
Q

The yellowish luteal cells continue to secrete progesterone until the end of ……. month

A

4th

79
Q

What is the effect of the removal of the corpus luteum of pregnancy before the fourth month?

A

Abortion

80
Q

What causes menstrual bleeding?

A

the corpus luteum shrinks and forms a mass of fibrotic scar tissue known as corpus albicans, consequently progesterone production decreases, resulting in menstrual bleeding.

81
Q

What are the causes of infertility in females?

A

Anovulation
PCOS -polycystic ovarian syndrome
Resistant ovary
Premature ovarian failure

Embryology (13 decks)

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