female reproductive Flashcards
-Also called ovum production
-Begins before birth then pauses during fetal development
-Resumes/Accelerates at puberty and continues in a monthly ovarian cycle
-Ends at menopause
oogenesis
female reproductive stem cells are called
oogonia
oogonia complete their mitotic divisions before___
birth
the first cell division of oocyte
meiosis 1
when puberty begins, levels of ___ from the pituitary rise. ___triggers the start of the ovarian cycle.
FSH
The oocyte only completes meiosis II to become a mature ovum if ____of the egg occurs by a sperm.
fertilization
Female reproduction 2 cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle
Monthly series of events in ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of oocyte
After puberty, a different group of primordial follicles is activated each month
Controlled by hormones from the anterior pituitary
Is divided into:
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)
Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian Cycle is
Controlled by hormones from the____
Is divided into:
anterior pituitary
Is divided into:
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)
In____ the secondary oocyte and the contents of the follicle are released into the pelvic cavity. The oocyte is brought into the fallopian tube in hopes that fertilization will occur.
ovulation
Secretes female sex hormones (estrogens, progestins)
ovaries
Primary oocyte and follicle cells form to
primordial follicle
The thickest portion of the uterine wall
Constitutes almost 90% of the mass of the uterus
Arranged into longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers
Provides force to move fetus out of uterus into vagina during birth
myometrium
Is an Outermost serous membrane continuous with peritoneal lining
Covers fundus and posterior surface of uterine body and isthmu
perimetrium
hormones that Causes uterine glands, blood vessels, and epithelium to change with phases of monthly uterine cycle
Estrogen and Progesterone
Two Divisions of Endometrium
The functional zone
The basilar zone
what zone:
Layer closest to uterine cavity
Contains most of the uterine glands
Contributes most of endometrial thickness
Undergoes dramatic changes in thickness and structure during menstrual cycle
The functional zone
Deeper zone
Attaches endometrium to myometrium
Contains terminal branches of tubular endometrial glands
basilar zone
The Uterine Cycle is also called
(Menstrual Cycle)
Is a repeating series of changes in endometrium
Changes occur in functional zone
Basilar zone remains mostly unchanged
Lasts from 21 to 35 days (Average 28 days)
Caused by hormones produced during ovarian cycle (estrogen and progesterone)
Menses and proliferative phase occur during ovarian follicular phase
Secretory phase occurs during ovarian luteal phase
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
Menses and proliferative phase occur during ___ ___ ____
ovarian follicular phase
Secretory phase occurs during___ ___ ____
ovarian luteal phase
_____ occur during ovarian follicular phase
Menses and proliferative phase
occurs during ovarian luteal phase
Secretory phase occurs during ovarian luteal phase
Is the degeneration of functional zone (occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease)
Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries
Reduces blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients
Weakened arterial walls rupture, releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone
Degenerating tissues break away, enter uterine cavity
Entire functional zone is lost through vagina
Only functional zone is affected
Menses
during menses, does the Entire functional zone is lost through vagina?
is Only functional zone is affected?
yes
a phase where,
epithelial cells of the uterine glands multiply and spread across the endometrial surface. They restore the epithelium of the uterus which remember has just been shed completely.
The area continue to proliferate until the functional zone is completely restored.
This is all occurring at the same time as the enlargement of the primary and secondary follicles in the ovary.
Proliferative Phase
a phase when
The estrogen levels rise throughout this period. The rising estrogen is what stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium. This is very logical. The egg is developing in the ovary, and is ensuring that the uterus prepares to receive it after it is fertilized.
The entire functional zone is highly vascularized. The large arteries in the myometrium split to form smaller arteries that spiral towards the inner surface of the uterus.
proliferative phase
The Proliferative Phase
Is stimulated and sustained by _______secreted by developing ovarian follicles
estrogen
During this phase, the endometrial glands enlarge and increase their rate of secretion.
The arteries of the uterine wall elongate and spiral through the functional zone even more than they did in the proliferative phase. There is very extensive vessel growth in this phase.
the uterus further preparing to accept and nourish an embryo. When the corpus luteum stops producing progesterone, the uterus knows that fertilization didn’t occur and this phase ends.
secretory phase
The drop in hormones leads back to the first phase again, which was menses
the functional zone is much thicker and that the glands are very large and numerous. The purpose is to prepare the uterus to accept the egg if it gets fertilized. A fertilized egg will implant into the lining of the uterus. A thick, vascular, soft endometrium accepts the fertilized egg better.
secretory phase
The first uterine cycle
Begins at puberty (age 11–12)
Menarche
The termination of uterine cycles
Age 45–55
Menopause
is a lack of menses or a lack of a menstrual cycle.
Amenorrhea
is a failure to initiate menses. This would be the diagnosis in a patient that has never had a menstrual cycle even though they are well past the age for typical menarche.
Primary amenorrhea
can be caused by various physical or emotional stresses. A couple very common physical causes have to do with the makeup of the body tissues and an overall lack of adipose or fat tissue.
Inadequate nutrition, Very low weight and low body fat as is seen in anorexia is very often associated with lack of a menstrual cycle.
Intense physical exercise and high muscle mass as seen in professional athletes is another cause.
The reasons here have to do with hormonal imbalance. Fat tissue converts androgens to estrogens. A complete lack of adipose can lead to decreases in estrogens that interrupt menses.
secondary amenorrhea
