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Histo Block 5 > Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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2
Q

What type of cells make up the germinal epithelium of the ovary?

A

cuboidal cells

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3
Q

What types of cells/fibers are in the cortex of the ovary?

A

Spindle shaped cells with elongated nucleus and reticular fibers

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4
Q

What forms the primordial follicle?

A

ova plus discontinuous squamous cell layer

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5
Q

What changes occur from the primordial follicle to the primary follicle?

A

Ovum increases in size, follicle cells form a continuous cuboidal or columnar sheath around the ovum, zona pellucida forms, basal lamina forms

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6
Q

What changes occur from the primary follicle to the secondary follicle?

A

granulosa cells produce fluid which accumulates in the antrum, ovum reaches its final size, stromal cells around the follicle change from spindle shaped to round (forms theca interna), stromal cells outside the theca interna remain spindle shaped and organize as the theca externa

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7
Q

Function of the theca interna?

A

produce androgens that are converted to estrogen by the granulosa cells and theca interna cells

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8
Q

What occurs to the antrum as the Graafian follicle forms?

A

the antrum becomes horseshoe shaped

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9
Q

When does final maturation of the follicle occur?

A

day 14

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10
Q

In the secondary follicle what surrounds the ovum?

A

the cumulus oophorus (egg mound)

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11
Q

What is ovulation?

A

the release of the oocyte form the follicle (day 14)

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12
Q

How is ovulation accomplished?

A

increase in volume and pressure of the fluid in the antrum, enzymatic breakdown of the follicular wall near the surface of the ovary, contraction of smooth muscle in the theca externa, ovarian tissue over the bulge on the surface becomes ischemic due to poor blood flow

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13
Q

How many follicles reach full maturation and ovulate and what happens to remaining follicles?

A

only 1 reaches full maturation and the others die

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14
Q

What is ovulated?

A

a secondary oocyte, zona pellucida along with the corona radiata, and a few other clinging granulosa cells

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15
Q

Where is the oocyte immediately after it’s ovulated?

A

the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A

implanting in a place other than the uterus

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17
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

in the distal third of the oviduct

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18
Q

What are granulosa lutein cells?

A

when granulosa cells enlarge and acquire fat and a yellow pigment

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19
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

when the oocyte and follicular fluid leave the follicle it collapses and is converted to a corpus luteum

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20
Q

When does progesterone begin to be secreted?

A

day 14-15

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21
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if not fertilized?

A

self destructs and is converted to corpus albicans

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22
Q

When does corpus luteum reach its maximal development?

A

about 9 days after ovulation–day 23 of 28 day cycle

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23
Q

What initiates menstruation?

A

the loss of estrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

What is the first goal of the embyo?

A

stop the corpus luteum from degenerating

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25
Q

What is the function of chorionic gonadotrophin?

A

prevents the corpus luteum from self destructing so it can keep producing estrogen and progesterone

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26
Q

How long does the corpus luteum persist in a pregnant woman?

A

until the placenta can make estrogen and progesterone (about 1/3 of the way through pregnancy)

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27
Q

What is atresia?

A

degeneration

28
Q

How many oocytes in the 2 ovaries at birth?

A

400,000-600,000

29
Q

How many oocytes ovulate in the life of a female?

A

only about 400

30
Q

When does a woman enter menopause?

A

once all follicles are gone

31
Q

What are the 4 regions of the oviduct (uterine tube)?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, pars uterina

32
Q

Where do the sperm wait for fertilization?

A

ampulla

33
Q

What is the most likely place for ectopic pregnancy?

A

the oviduct

34
Q

What can increase chance of ectopic pregnancy?

A

adhesions/formations of pockets in oviduct where the embryo may lodge–these can be caused by STDs

35
Q

Two kinds of cells in the oviduct epithelium?

A

ciliated simple cuboidal or columnar cells and peg cells that are NOT ciliated

36
Q

Describe mucosa of the oviduct.

A

epithelium with ciliated simple cuboidal/columnar cells and peg cells, lamina propria, NO muscularis mucosa

37
Q

Describe submucosa of oviduct.

A

NONE

38
Q

Describe muscularis externa of oviduct.

A

mostly circularly arranged smooth muscle that helps move the ovum toward the uterus

39
Q

What is the outer layer of the oviduct? (serosa or adventitia)

A

Serosa

40
Q

Describe the mucosa of the uterus.

A

Endometrium of simple columnar epithelial cells with patches of ciliated cells, very cellular lamina propria w tubular glands, NO muscularis mucosa

41
Q

Describe submucosa of uterus.

A

NONE

42
Q

Describe muscularis externa of uterus.

A

very thick irregularly arranged smooth muscle layer that increases during pregnancy

43
Q

Outer layer of uterus? (serosa or adventitia)

A

Serosa

44
Q

What arteries supply the basalis?

A

the straight arteries

45
Q

What arteries supply the functionalis?

A

the spiral arteries

46
Q

What phase occurs days 5-14?

A

the proliferative phase (follicular phase, estrogenic phase)

47
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A

the epithelial cells in the gland remnants divide to recover the surface and rebuild the glands, the stromal cells divide to rebuild the functionalis, the spiral arteries grow into the new functionalis

48
Q

Appearance of glands during the proliferative phase?

A

straight and tubular

49
Q

What phase occurs days 1-4?

A

the menstrual phase

50
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase?

A

the functionalis sloughs off in the menstrual flow leaving behind the denuded basalis, the bases of the glands and the arteries that supply the basalis along with the proximal part of the arteries that supply the functionalis

51
Q

What phase occurs days 15-27?

A

The secretory phase (luteal phase, progesterone phase)

52
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase?

A

gland cells secrete glycogen, glands become corkscrew shaped and fill with glycogen secretion, spiral arteries coil more tightly to constrict surrounding tissue from receiving nutrients, endometrium becomes edematous

53
Q

What phase occurs on day 28?

A

ischemic phase

54
Q

What occurs during the ischemic phase?

A

corpus luteum degeneration has caused withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone, spiral arteries constrict cyclically, functionalis becomes necrotic

55
Q

When do the spiral arteries dilate one last time and the blood bursts into the functionalis ripping it off?

A

Day 1 of menstruation phase

56
Q

What do glands look like during the secretory phase?

A

very coiled/corkscrew-shaped

57
Q

Describe the endometrium changes of the cervix during a menstrual cycle.

A

It changes very little

58
Q

Describe the epithelium of the cervix.

A

It is simple columnar on the surface and lining the glands and becomes stratified squamous non-keratinized near the external os

59
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the cervix compared to the fundus/body.

A

It is less cellular and not divided into a basalis and functionalis

60
Q

Is the myometrium of the cervix or the fundus/body thicker?

A

the fundus/body myometrium is thicker

61
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

It is filled with mucous and may be a possible barrier to infection; it can also be used to detect potential pre-cancerous conditions and cervical cancer

62
Q

Describe the mucosa of the vagina.

A

It has rugae that run perpendicular to the long axis, it has a stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium; its lamina propria is very vascular w no glands and allows for the formation of a transudate for lubrication during intercourse; NO muscularis mucosa

63
Q

Describe the submucosa of the vagina.

A

NONE

64
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the vagina.

A

It is mostly longitudinal.

65
Q

Describe the outer layer of the vagina. (serosa or adventitia)

A

Adventitia–NO serosa

66
Q

How do you differentiate the esophagus and the vagina?

A

The esophagus has glands and a muscularis mucosa and the vagina does not

Histo Block 5 (3 decks)

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