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Histo Block 5 > Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of endocrine organs?

A

Maintain homeostasis and coordinate body growth and development

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2
Q

How are hormones transported in the circulatory system?

A

by binding to carrier proteins

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3
Q

Location of pituitary (aka hypophysis)?

A

in the depression of the sphenoid bone

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4
Q

What two tissue types (ectoderm, endoderm, etc) form the pituitary?

A

ectoderm and neuroectoderm

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5
Q

What forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Rathke’s pouch (from ectoderm) grows upward from the roof of the mouth

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6
Q

What forms the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Tissue evagination from the brain

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7
Q

Neurohypophysis is another name for what?

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

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8
Q

Adenohypophysis is another name for what?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

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9
Q

What are the components of the posterior lobe?

A

Infundibulum and pars nervosa

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10
Q

What are the components of the anterior lobe?

A

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

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11
Q

What is the largest part of the anterior lobe?

A

Pars distalis

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12
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the “Master Gland”?

A

because it has an effect on all other endocrine glands of the body

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13
Q

Where do neurosecretory nerve fibers of the pars nervosa derive from?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PV) and Supraoptic nucleus (SON)

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14
Q

What small cells have supporting functions of the pars nervosa? (These make up the majority of cells in the pars nervosa.)

A

Pituicytes

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15
Q

What is the function of the pars nervosa?

A

Releases oxytocin and Vasopressin

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16
Q

Functions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles in pregnant uterus and myoepithelial cells in mammary gland

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17
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

Regulates body retention of water

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18
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH: anti-diuretic hormone

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19
Q

What results from inadequate levels of vasopressin?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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20
Q

Herring bodies are located where?

A

Pars nervosa– They are located near the enlarged axon terminals of secretory neuronal axons from PV and SON

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21
Q

What are the cell types in the pars distalis?

A

acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes

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22
Q

What trophic hormones are produced by basophils?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

B-FLAT (Basophils-FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH)

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23
Q

What hormones are produced by acidophils?

A

growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)

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24
Q

Function of FSH?

A

stimulates follicular development in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis

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25
Q

Function of LH?

A

regulates final maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum in the ovary; essential for maintenance of and androgen secretion of Leydig cells in the testis

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26
Q

Function of TSH?

A

stimulates growth of thyroid epithelial cells, release of thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones

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27
Q

Function of ACTH?

A

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids in adrenal gland

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28
Q

Function of GH?

A

stimulates body growth–increases liver and other organs synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor

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29
Q

Function of PRL?

A

promotes mammary gland development, initiates milk formation, stimulates and maintains secretion of casein, lipids, and carbohydrates in the milk

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30
Q

How do hormones reach the anterior lobe?

A

They are released into capillaries and travel immediately in the portal vein to capillaries in the anterior lobe

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31
Q

What inhibits VIP?

A

dopamine

32
Q

What inhibits GHRH?

A

somatostatin

33
Q

What causes gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Hyper secretion of GH

34
Q

Components of pars intermedia?

A

colloid follicles, basophils, and chromophils

35
Q

What cells are often immunoreactive for ACTH, FSH, and LH?

A

pars tuberalis cells

36
Q

Components of the pineal gland?

A

pinealocytes (95% of cells), interstitial cells, brain sand of calcium phosphates and carbonates plus protein

37
Q

Function of the pineal gland?

A

Photosensitive organ that regulates circadian rhythms in the body and secretes melatonin at night

38
Q

Function of melatonin?

A

Regulates daily body rhythms, inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone, may promote sleepiness, involved in seasonal affective disorder

39
Q

How does the pineal gland regulate melatonin secretion?

A

It obtains information about light and dark cycles from the retina via sympathetic tracts; daylight inhibits the gland’s output

40
Q

Tumors in the pineal gland are associated with what?

A

precocious puberty

41
Q

Functional unit of the thyroid?

A

thyroid follicle–mass of colloid surrounded by follicular cells

42
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A

T4 and T3

43
Q

Function of the thyroid gland?

A

essential for normal growth and development, regulates basal metabolism

44
Q

What is the result of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development/

A

severe CNS damage

45
Q

Explain thyroid hormone regulation.

A

Negative feedback regulation system– neurons secrete TRH which stimulates cells to secrete TSH; TSH binds to receptors to stimulate secretion of T3 and T4; high blood conc of T3 and T4 inhibits TRH secretion thus inhibiting TSH secretion

46
Q

Cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Insufficient dietary iodine or autoimmune diseases

47
Q

What are results of hypothyroidism?

A

mental and physical sluggishness and edema of connective tissue

48
Q

What is Graves’ Disease?

A

hyperthyroidism–excessive thyroid hormones in circulation

49
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce?

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

Function of calcitonin?

A

lowers blood calcium

51
Q

How many parathyroid glands do we have?

A

4

52
Q

What cell types are found in parathyroid glands?

A

Principal cells (chief cells) and Oxyphil cells

53
Q

Describe appearance differences of the cells in the parathyroid glands.

A

Principal cells are more numerous, smaller, and have less cytoplasm. Oxyphil cells are larger than principal cells and organized into clumps with eosinophilic cytoplasm.

54
Q

Function of principal cells?

A

secrete parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood (increases calcium level)

55
Q

What hormones have reciprocal effects in the regulation of calcium levels?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin

56
Q

What is the function of oxyphil cells?

A

The function is unknown but the cells contain abundant mitochondria

57
Q

What 3 cells types are found in islets of Langerhans?

A

A, B, and D cells

58
Q

What do A cells secrete?

A

glucagon

59
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

insulin

60
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

61
Q

What cells are most abundant in islets of Langerhans?

A

B cells comprise 70% of the cells

62
Q

Function of insulin?

A

stimulates uptake of glucose from the blood into cells, stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen, stimulates exocrine secretion of the pancreas

63
Q

Function of glucagon?

A

stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose and release of glucose into blood, stimulates synthesis of glucose from amino acids, inhibits exocrine secretion of the pancreas

64
Q

Function of somatostatin

A

function in islets in not completely clear but it does inhibit both insulin and glucagon secretion

65
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa (outer), zona fasciculata, zona reticularis (inner)

66
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal cortex?

A

Profuse penetration of small arteries from suprarenal vessels that help organize the structure of the adrenal gland

67
Q

Blood supply to adrenal medulla?

A

Dual blood supply-arterial blood from medullary arterioles and venous blood from cortical sinusoidal capilaries

68
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

mineralocorticoids

69
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

glucocorticoids

70
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

weak androgens and small amount of glucocorticoids

71
Q

Function of mineralocorticoids?

A

regulate sodium and potassium balance and water homeostasis

72
Q

Function of glucocorticoids?

A

regulate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation; depress immune function and inflammation

73
Q

What characterizes the adrenal medulla?

A

large medullary veins and pale staining cells

74
Q

What are the predominant cells of the adrenal medulla? What other cells are found here?

A

chromaffin cells (medullary cells) are predominant cells; also has ganglion cells

75
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

catecholamines–dense core vesicles secrete norepinephrine and smaller, clear vesicles secrete epinephrine

76
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

modified neurons innervated by sympathetic nervous system that are filled with secretory vesicles

Histo Block 5 (3 decks)

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