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UWorld > female reproductive > Flashcards

female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what are the karyotypes possible in complete hydatidiform mole

A

46,XX

46, XY (not common)

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2
Q

what are the karyotypes possible in a partial mole

A

69, XXX
69, XXY
69, XYY

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3
Q

Letrozole MOA

A

inhibits aromatase to surpress ovarian estradiol production and induce ovulation

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4
Q

Clomiphene MOA

A

depletes estrogen receptors in hypothalamus and pituitary thereby decreasing ability to detect negative feedback –> FSH and LH release to induce ovulation

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5
Q

what cause of vaginal discharge is an anaerobic gram-variable rod

A

bacterial vaginosis

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6
Q

Anatomic or functional ________is the almost always necessary for the development of acute pyelonephritis

A

anatomic or functional vesicoureturetal reflux

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7
Q

Fusion of and involution of the ________ gives rise to the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina

A

paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts)

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8
Q

what breast lesion produces bloody nipple discharge with histology of epithelial and myoepithelial cells lining fibrovascular cores

A

intraductal papilloma

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9
Q

what hormone increases the most after ovulation

A

progesterone

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10
Q

what are the common cardiovascular anomalies seen in Turner syndrome

A

bicuspid aortic valve
coarctation of the aorta
aortic root dilation

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11
Q

what is the clinical presentation of mullerian agenesis

A

variable uterine development and no upper vagina –> inability to menstruate
ovaries and secondary sexual characteristics are normal

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12
Q

what are clue cells which are seen in bacterial vaginosis

A

squamous epithelial cells with adherent bacteria

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13
Q

Leuprolide MOA

A

GnRH agonist

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14
Q

what is the purpose of estrogen stimulating the upregulation of connexin proteins immediately prior to delivery

A

connexins form gap junctions which form between myometiral smooth muscle cells which heightens myometrial excitability

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15
Q

what ovarian mass appears grossly as an oily cystic mass and may produce symptoms of unintentional weight loss, hot flushes, irregular menses, and low TSH

A

struma ovarii (a germ cell tumor)

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16
Q

what is the effect of an ovulatory cycle on estrogen and progesterone

A

ovarian follicle does not degenerate and become corpus luteum –> no progesterone –> estrogen remains persistantly high

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17
Q

what is a disorder caused by an abnormal collection of endometrial glands and stroma within the uterine myometrium

A

adenomyosis

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18
Q

What is the clinical presentation of adenomyosis

A

dysmenorrhea, heavy menses, and a uniformly enlarged uterus

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19
Q

how do somatic mosaicism and germline mosaicism differ in presentation

A

somatic mosaicism causes disease manifestation to develop in the affected individual
germline mosaicism causes affected genes to be passed to the offspring but the affected individual will not have disease manifestation

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20
Q

A 63 yo patient presenting with chronic constipation and a vaginal bulge likely has what diagnosis

A

pelvic organ prolapse

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21
Q

pelvic organ prolapse occurs due to damage to what muscle

A

levator ani muscle complex

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22
Q

The _____ contains the ovarian artery, vein, lymphatics, and nerves

A

suspensory ligament

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23
Q

A midline episiotomy is a vertical incision from the posterior vaginal opening to the _______

A

perineal body

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24
Q

A patient premenopausa, nulliparous patient presenting with constipation, uterine pressure, and an enlarged uterus with normal menses likely has what diagnosis

A

uterine leiomyoma

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25
Q

What causes the classic skin findings of peau d’orange in inflammatory breast cancer?

A

cancer cells obstructing lymphatic drainage

26
Q

What is the cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A

HPV

CIN in situ –> squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

what hormone surge causes the rupture of the dominant follicle

A

LH

28
Q

Menotropin, human menopausal gonadotrophin, therapy mimics ___ and has what effect when treating anovulation

A

FSH

formation of the dominant ovarian follicle

29
Q

after menotropin triggers formation and maturation of a dominant ovarian follicle, what is administered to mimic LH and therefore stimulate LH surge and induce ovulation

A

exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

30
Q

what is the best way to diagnose trichomonas vaginalis

A

wet mount microscopy of vaginal discharge

31
Q

what complication during a hysterectomy can lead to flank pain and fever

A

damage to the ureter (since unilateral, the patient can still pee fine)

32
Q

what is a Krunkenberg tumor?

A

primary gastric cancer that has metastasized to the ovary often presenting with bilateral ovarian lesion

33
Q

what are the histologic features of Krunkenberg tumor

A

nests of signet ring cells: cells with large amounts of mucin displacing the nucleus

34
Q

what serum tumor marker is elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

35
Q

during postpartum hemorrhage, what artery can be bilaterally ligated to stop the bleeding while still preserving fertility

A 
internal iliac
(all structures supplied by internal iliac receive collateral blood supply)
36
Q

The ovary is covered in _____ epithelial cells

A

simple cuboidal

37
Q

the fallopian tubes are lined with _____ epithelial cells

A

simple columnar (both ciliated and nonciliated)

38
Q

the endometrium is comprised of ____ epithelial cells

A

simple columnar

39
Q

the endocervix is lined with _____ epithelium and the ectocervix is lined with ____ epithelium

A

endo: simple columnar
ecto: stratified squamous, non keratinized

40
Q

the vagina is lined by ____ epithelium

A

stratified suqamous, nonkeratinized

41
Q

oral contraceptive, multiparity, and breastfeeding are protective against epithelial ovarian cancer, how?

A

decreasing frequency of ovulation –> decreased frequency of trauma and repair of ovarian surface

42
Q

the ovary receives its blood supply through the vessels that transverse the ______ ligament

A

infundibulopelvic/suspensory

43
Q

a cystic hygroma, a posterior neck mass, on a newborn is concerning for what diagnosis

A

Turner syndrome

44
Q

Turner syndrome is characterized by a 45.X karyotype due to loss of _____

A

paternal chromosome X

45
Q

what is the primary lymph node drainage for the uterus

A

external iliac

46
Q

what is the primary lymph node drainage for cervix

A

internal iliac

47
Q

what is the primary lymph node drainage for the vagina

A

proximal: internal iliac
distal: inguinofemoral

48
Q

what is the primary lymph node drainage for the vuvla

A

inguinofemoral

49
Q

what is the primary lymph node drainage for the ovaries

A

paraaortic

50
Q

what urinalysis finding is pathognomonic for acute pyelonephritis when accompanied by symptoms of acute UTI

A

white blood cell casts

51
Q

LH stimulates the _____ cells of the ovarian follicle to produce androgens

A

theca interna

52
Q

what is seen on wet mount microscopy of vulvovaginal candidiasis

A

pseudohyphae

53
Q

treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis

A

fluconazole

54
Q

____ withdrawal causes endometrial cells to undergo apoptosis, resulting in menstrual bleeding

A

progesterone

55
Q

how does endometriosis cause infertility and/or retroverted uterus

A

inflammation –> adhesion formation which can interfere with ovulation and fallopian tube function

56
Q

Malignant infiltration of ______ of the breast can cause skin retractions in breast cancer

A

suspensory ligaments

57
Q

ovarian torsion clinical features:

A

sudden onset unilateral pelvic pain, nausea and vomiting, sometimes has a palpable adnexal mass

58
Q

in order to provide anesthesia to most of the perineum a ____ nerve block can be performed by injecting anesthetic intravaginally, medial to the ischial spine and through the sacrospinous ligament

A

pudendal

59
Q

what is the most common cause of Turner syndrome during gametogenesis resulting in loss of one X chromosome in all of the patients cells

A

meiotic nondisjunction

60
Q

What is the diagnosis of a uniformly enlarged, globular uterus with the abnormal presence of endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium

A

adenomyosis

61
Q

Koilocytosis is a hallmark sign of ____ infection

A

HPV

UWorld (19 decks)

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