Cardiovascular Flashcards
Verapamil is a nondihydropyridine calcium channel bocker tht acts by blocking ____ calcium channels
L-type
Verapamil prevents the initial ____ influx into cariac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle
Calcium
Why are skeletal muscles no effected by calcium channel blockers
They do not rely on calcium influx to contract
Mechanical coupling betwwen receptors –> calcium release for SR
What changes on myocardial biopsy seen 0-4 hrs post MI
None
What changes on light microscopy are seen 4-12 hours following MI
Wavy fibers with narrow, elongated myocytes
What changes are seen 12-24 hours after MI on light microscopy
Myocyte hypereosinophilia with pyknotic (shrunken) nuclei
What changes on light microscopy are seen 1-3 days post MI
Coagulation necrosis (loss of nuclei and striations) Prominent neutrophilic infiltrate
What changes are seen on light microscopy 3-7 days post MI
Didintegration of dead neutrophils and myofibers
Macrophage infiltration at border area
What changes are seen on light microcscopy 7-10 days post MI
Robust phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages
Beginning formation of granulation tissue at margins
What changes are seen on light microscopy 10-14 days post MI
Well-developed granulation tissue with neovascularization
What changes are seen on light microscopy 2-8 weeks following an MI
Progressive collagen deposition and scar formation
1-3 days after an MI, neutrophils infiltrate the border zone of the injured tissue in response to what proinflammatory cytokines
IL-6
IL-8
Where do potassium sparing diuretics act
Collecting duct
Increased sodium delivery to the late distal tbule and cortical collecting duct causes sodium reabsorption at the expense of potassium due to what molecules activity?
Aldosterone (increase ENaCs and Na/K pumps)
Stanford type A refers to aortic dissections that involve any part of the _____
Ascending aorta
Stanford type B refers to all aortic dissections involving the ______
Descending aorta
Type B dissections involving the descending aorta typically originate close to the origin of the ______ artery
Left subclavien
Type A aortic dissections usually originate in the ____ junction
Sinotubular
In treatment of hypovolemic shock, rapid infusion of blood or normal saline increases intravasucular volume and ventricular preload which has what effect on frank starling mechanism
Incrased preload –> stretch myocardium and increase end diastolic sarcomere length –> increase stroke volume and cardiac output
Classic clinical features of down syndrome inlude ___ facial profile, epicanthal folds, __-slanting palpebral fissures, protruding ____, and ___ ears
Flat
Up
Tongue
Small
Cranial nerve from pharyngeal arch 1
Trigeminal
Cranial nerve from pharyngeal arch 2
Facial
Cranial nerve from pharyngeal arch 3
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Cranial nerve from pharyngeal arch 4
Superiorlaryngeal branch of vagus (X)