Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

APHY 104 > Female reproduction system > Flashcards

Female reproduction system Flashcards

1
Q

Ligamnets of the female reproductive system

A

The reproductive tract is suspended in a sheet of peritoneum called the broad ligament.
It is attached to the dorsal body wall
Carries blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to the reproductive organs
Subdivided into segments supporting individual parts of the reproductive tract
Broad ligament is divided into the following:
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Mesovarian, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium
Round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ovaries are

A

Are the primary organs of reproduction in the female located in the abdomen near the kidneys
Normal size and shape varies from species to species and even among individuals within a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ovaries have two min functions

A

Production of ova
Production of the female sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Production of the ova are

A

The ovary has a predetermined number of oocytes within the ovary; these develop prior to birth. This is the total number available for the females’ lifetime. At each heat cycle oocytes are used.
Older oocytes have a greater chance of being damaged by toxic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hormones produced by the ovaries

A

Estrogens
Progetins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Estrogen in the ovary is

A

Produced by developing follicle cells
Cause physical and behavioral changes that prepare an animal for breeding and pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Progestins in the ovary are

A

Primarily progesterone
Produced by corpus luteum (CL)
CL is the remnant of an empty follicle that has released an ova
Help prepare the uterus for implantation
Help maintain pregnancy after implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ovarian cycle is

A

Cyclical pattern to the production of ova
An oocyte develops in a follicle → ovulation → CL forms → CL degenerates
Two hormones affect this cycle: FSH and LH (from anterior pituitary)
In all species, many follicles start to develop at the beginning of each cycle. Most fail to mature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uniparous spp means

A

: one oocyte and one offspring. i.e., horse, cow, human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Multiparous spp means

A

litters. i.e., dog, cat, pig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primordial follicle is

A

Immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
Many will be found in an ovary
Develop into primary follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ovarian cycle- primary follicle is

A

With FSH, a primordial follicle becomes stimulated
Cells change shape from flat to cuboidal- called granulosa cells
Follicle is now a primary follicle
Only a few follicles respond to each FSH wave
Called follicular recruitment or follicular activation
In uniparous species, only one follicle will become dominant
Rest will regress and degenerate
Called follicular atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ovarian cycle- secondary follicle is

A

Cells divide to create several cell layers around oocyte
Follicle is now a secondary follicle
Producing increasing amounts of estrogen to prepare for breeding and pregnancy
Develops a fluid-filled space between oocyte and granulosa cells – called the antrum
Primary oocyte divides producing a secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ovarian cycle- mature follicle are and are called

A

Mature or Graafian follicle
Large, blister-like structure on ovary
At maximum estrogen production
Oocyte
Sits on stack of granulosa cells and is covered by thin layer of granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ovulation is

A

Rupture of surface of follicle
Explosive release of secondary oocyte also called the immature ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spontaneous ovulators are

A

Some animals ovulate during a specific time in their estrus cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Induced ovulators are

A

In some animals like cat, rabbit and ferret, ovulation requires breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Corpus luteum is

A

Continued high LH levels cause corpus hemorrhagicum to change
Granulosa cells continue to multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the corpus luteum for in ovulation

A

Follicle fills with blood → clots → forms corpus hemorrhagicum
Stimulated by rising LH levels in most animals
Corpus luteum
Develops into a large, yellowish mass of cells known as the corpus luteum
Produces progestin hormones
Primarily progesterone
Important for maintaining pregnancy
Will regress quickly if does not receive signal from uterus that ovum has been fertilized and implanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oviduct is and does

A

Aka: uterine tube, fallopian tube
Paired convoluted tubes that extend from the tips of the uterine horns
Lumen of uterine horn is continuous with lumen of oviduct
They capture and transport ova from the ovary to the uterus and serve as the normal location for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the oviduct attached to the ovary and why

A

Not attached to the ovary
When ovulation takes place, the ova are expelled from the ovary and caught by the funnel shaped end of the uterine tube known as the infundibulum
They are then carried to the oviduct where fertilization normally occurs

22
Q

Oviduct is composed of

A

The oviduct is composed of smooth muscle lined with highly folded mucus membrane with many ciliated cells
Both the cilia and muscle move the ova and possibly the spermatozoa.

23
Q

What happens to ovulated eggs in the oviduct

A

Ovulated eggs are captured by the infundibulum although some occasionally sneak out through the opening into the peritoneal cavity
Usually disintegrate but sometimes become an ectopic pregnancy (implantation of fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity)
The oviducts gently conduct the fertilized ovum to the uterus for implantation

24
Q

Uterus function and shape

A

A hollow muscular Y-shaped organ
Receives the fertilized ovum
Nourishes and houses the developing embryo
Expels the mature fetus through the birth canal.
Forms part of the placenta, which is the life support system that keeps the fetus alive while it develops
Major components are the body of the uterus, the uterine horns and the cervix.
A mucus membrane lines the uterus.
Its thickness and vascularity depends on hormonal changes from the ovary and pregnancy.

25
Bovine uterus shape
The mucosa has mushroom like projection or focal elevations called caruncles Make up the maternal component of the placenta and give attachment to the fetal membranes The caruncles grow during pregnancy and are used to determine the stage of pregnancy
26
Cervix is
The cervix projects caudally into the vagina It is a heavy, smooth muscled sphincter that is tightly closed except during parturition or estrus (heat)
27
Cervix function
At estrus, the cervix relaxes slightly permitting spermatozoa to enter the uterus and then closes until parturition. Mucus may discharge from the cervix and be expelled from the vulva at estrus Mucus production by the cervix increases during pregnancy to prevent infections entering the uterus. The vagina is not sterile
28
Vagina is
Extends from the cervix to the vulva It is the female copulatory organ and part of the birth canal Structurally it is a muscular tube which contains mucus glands for lubrication.
29
Vulva consists of
Composed of vestibule, the clitoris and the labia.
30
Vestibule is
the caudal part of the tubular portion of the reproductive tract, common to both urinary and reproductive system
31
Clitoris is
the female counterpart of the penis and is located on the floor of the vestibule
32
Labia on the vulva is
form the external boundary of the vulva
33
The estrous cycle is defined by
Defined as the time from beginning of one heat period to beginning of the next
34
Estrous is controlled by
Controlled by FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland Stimulate production of hormones by: Developing follicle – estrogens Cause physical and behavioral changes of estrus Corpus luteum – progestins Prepares uterus and maintains pregnancy
35
How does estrous effect breeding
Timing of breeding depends on the estrous cycle of the female Males can breed at any time The estrous cycle is naturally timed to coordinate with seasons of food abundance to give greater reproductive success
36
What can stimulate estrous to begin
Onset may be stimulated by environmental changes, such as increasing daylength or temperature Releases gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus Acts on anterior pituitary to stimulate release of FSH
37
Estrous cycle intervals is classified by
Classified by number of cycles per year and when they occur Polyestrous Cycle continuously if not pregnant Cattle, pigs, humans
38
Seasonally estrous is
Seasonal variations in cycling Continuous at some times of year, absent at others Horse, sheep, cat Female cats usually cycle from January to late fall Can start as early as 4 months of age
39
Diestrous is what
2 cycles per year – usually spring and fall Dog
40
Monoestrous is
Usually only one cycle per year Fox, mink
41
Stages of estrous is
Continuous process, but roughly divided into stages Stages can be related to ovarian follicular development In dogs, examination of vaginal smears can help identify the stage of estrous
42
Proestrous is
Follicular development in response to FSH Increasing estrogen output from follicles Causes physical preparation for ovulation and breeding Thickening and development of lining of oviduct, uterus, and vagina Vagina develops cornified layer to protect against trauma from breeding
43
Early proestrus looks like what on a cellular level
Epithelial cells are of intermediate and parabasal type. Cells have a large nucleus, and lots of pale blue cytoplasm
44
Late proestus is
Many RBCs and WBCs (more vascular) Epithelial cell are losing their nucleus and gaining keratin
45
Estrus is
Period of sexual receptivity Peak estrogen levels LH release and inhibition of further FSH Mature follicles Usually, ovulation occurs near end of estrus Induced ovulators will have prolonged estrus if not bred Mostly superficial, anucleate, keratinized cells
46
What will cats do if not breed
Cats are induced ovulators Will stay in heat up if not bred Follicle eventually regresses Typically, in a week Can be up to 2 weeks No longer in heat Can induce ovulation with Q-tip or hormone injection Spaying is best
47
Metestrus is caused by
Corpus luteum (CL) develops after ovulation in response to continued LH presence CL produces progesterone Causes thickening of uterus lining in preparation for implantation Inhibits follicular development
48
Diestrus is caused by
CL at maximum size and effect If pregnant, CL will be retained in response to signal from developing embryo and uterus If not pregnant, CL degenerates fewer superficial cells,more intermediate cells and neutrophils If CL degeneration is delayed (a common problem in intact bitches), it continues to prepare the body with hormones of pregnancy Can result in pseudopregnancy Animals develops enlarged mammary glands, may lactate, pelvis may relax, may nest-build and ‘mother’ stuffed toys Most resolve spontaneously, but may require hormonal treatment to correct
49
Anestrus is
Ovarian inactivity between breeding cycles in all but the polyestrus species
50

APHY 104 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions