Female Reproduction

Question 1

Oviduct purpose?

Answer 1

(fallopian tubes)
receive ova at ovulation
site of fertilization

Question 2

Ovary purpose?

Answer 2

produce ova

secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

Estrogen purpose? (4)

Answer 3

ova maturation/release
2º characteristics
sperm transport to oviduct
breast development

Question 4

Progesterone purpose? (2)

Answer 4

preps/maintains uterus for embryo

milk production

Question 5

Oogenesis step 1?

Answer 5

Mitosis of germ cells thru 24 wks

Question 6

Oogenesis step 2?

Answer 6

Oogonia -> prophase I of meiosis -> oocytes

enclosed by pre-granulosa cells

development stops/holding pattern

Question 7

Oogenesis step 3?

Answer 7

Meiosis restarts at oocyte release during ovulation

Question 8

Phases of Ovarian Cycle? (3)

Answer 8

1) Follicular (maturing follicles)
2) Ovulation
3) Luteal (prdxn of corpus luteum)

Question 9

Ovarian Cycle: Follicular phase?

Answer 9

granulosa cells -> proliferate ->
secrete zona pellucida -> 
surrounded by theca ->
↑ estrogen -> oocyte grows -> 
follicle ruptures -> ovulation

Question 10

Ovarian Cycle: Luteal phase?

Answer 10

Last 14 days of cycle

Follicular cells become corpus luteum ->
secrete estrogen/progesterone ->
vascularizes ->
if no implant, degenerates
into corpus albicans

Question 11

Estrogen/Progesterone synth/secretion?

Answer 11

LH stim Theca cells -> activate chol desmolase -> cholesterol ∆ to androgens -> to granulosa cells

FSH stim granulosa cells -> activates aromatase -> androgen ∆ to estradiol

Theca and granulosa become lutheal cells -> secrete progesterone

Question 12

Transport of Ovarian hormones?

Answer 12

Estrogen binds to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

Progest binds to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

Estrogen and thyroxine ↑ SHBG

Progest and androgens ↓ SHBG

Question 13

Androgens converted to estrogens how?

Answer 13

testost/androstenedione syth by thecal cells, ∆d to estrogens by non-thecal aromatase

aromatase in granulosa cells, adipose, mm, liver

Question 14

Hormonal control of Follicular Phase?

Answer 14

GnRH -> FSH (less)/LH(more) release

Neg feedback:
Inhibin -> FSH
Estrogen -> FSH/LH

GnRH inhibited by:
Prolactin, stress, exercise

Question 15

Hormonal control of Ovulation?

Answer 15

Follicle produces ↑ ↑ estrogen ->
+ feedback hypothal/pituit ->
LH surge mid-cycle -> ovulation

Question 16

Hormonal control of Luteal Phase?

Answer 16

LH surge ∆ ruptured follicle into luteal cells ->
↑ ↑ estrogen/progest synth

Neg feedback:
Progest on hypoth/pitu -> suppresses estrogen + feedback and 2nd surge

Question 17

Uterine cycle phases?

Answer 17

1) menstrual (days 0-5)
2) proliferation (6-14)
3) secretory (15-28)

Question 18

Menses always occurs when?

Answer 18

14 days post ovulation

cycle > 28 days have longer proliferation phase

Question 19

Menstrual Phase?

Answer 19

End of luteal/onset follicular

Prostaglands released from uterus ->
endomet vessels constrict -> endo death ->
myometrium contractions expel

Question 20

Proliferation Phase?

Answer 20

End of follicular phase

Endomet repair via ↑ estrogen

Question 21

Secretory Phase?

Answer 21

Post ovulation

Luteum secretes prog -> vascularizes/glycogens endomet

Question 22

What synthesized progesterone receptors in uterus?

Answer 22

endometrium

Question 23

Estrogen effects on mammary glands?

Fat?

Answer 23

↑ growth

↑ deposits in hips/breasts

Question 24

Estrogen effects on bones/Ca2+?

Answer 24

Close plates
Ca2+ uptake into bones
Antagonize PTH
Inhib osteoclasts

Question 25

Estrogen effects on skin?

Kidneys?

Answer 25

pub hair growth

↑ Na+, Cl-, H2O absorb = bloating

Question 26

Estrogen effects on CV?

Answer 26

Maintain healthy cholesterol

Arterial vasodilation
Decreases atherosclero

Question 27

Progesterone effects on uterus?

Answer 27

(Needs estrogen stim)
Endometrial development
Placenta formation
↓ contractility

Question 28

Progesterone effects on cervix?

Answer 28

Estrogen antagonist
↓ distention
Killer mucus

Question 29

Progesterone effects on vagina?

Answer 29

Estrogen antagonist

↓ proliferation of epith layer

Question 30

Progesterone effects on mammary?

Answer 30

↑ ductal branching

↑ lobule/alveoli development

Question 31

Progesterone effects on metabolism?

Answer 31

↑ temp post ovulation

↑ appetite

Question 32

Progesterone effects on kidneys?

Answer 32

↓ Na+ reabsorp via aldosterone competition

Question 33

PMDD is?

Answer 33

premenst dysphoric disorder

severe mood disorder

Question 34

Menopause?

Answer 34

Cess of cycle
(U) 45-55
Preceded by progressive ovarian fail (follicle atresia)

Question 35

Climacteric is?

Answer 35

transition b/w normal and menopause (37ish)

Question 36

Cause of Perimenopause?

Answer 36

Follicle pool ↓ ->
↓ inhibition -> ↑ FSH ->
accelerates follic maturation

Follicle pool ↓↓ -> ↓ estro ->
↓+ feedback -> anovulation

Question 37

Cause of menopause?

Answer 37

Severely ↓↓↓ follicle pool ->
↓↓↓ estrogen ->
↑↑↑ LH/FSH ->
cycle stops

Question 38

Menopause diagnostics?

Answer 38

FSH > 30
No cycle 12 mo
LH ↑
Pituitary hormones normal
Androgens still prduced

Question 39

Hot flashed caused by?

Answer 39

Hypothal response to ∆ in estrogen -> poor blood flow control to skin

LH-induced vasomotor effect

Question 40

CV concerns w/ meno?

Answer 40

Vascular smooth mm has estrogen receptors ->
Mitigate vascular injury via rapid dilation

↓ estrogen causes:
↑ injury
↑ cholesterol
↑ atheroscl/MI

Question 41

Oral contraceptive mechanism of action?

Answer 41

Neg feedback on pitui -> Ø ovluation
Thick mucous
↓ uterine glycogen

Question 42

Emergency contraceptives?

Answer 42

High dose combos
↓ ovulation
↓ luteum

Question 43

Oral contraceptive benefits?

Answer 43

↓CA, cysts, ectop preg, PID

Question 44

Oral contraceptive risks?

Answer 44

gallstones
HTN
MI
stroke
DVT
PE