Female Reproduction

Question 1

Oviduct purpose?

Answer 1

(fallopian tubes)
receive ova at ovulation
site of fertilization

Question 2

Ovary purpose?

Answer 2

produce ova

secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

Estrogen purpose? (4)

Answer 3

ova maturation/release
2º characteristics
sperm transport to oviduct
breast development

Question 4

Progesterone purpose? (2)

Answer 4

preps/maintains uterus for embryo

milk production

Question 5

Oogenesis step 1?

Answer 5

Mitosis of germ cells thru 24 wks

Question 6

Oogenesis step 2?

Answer 6

Oogonia -> prophase I of meiosis -> oocytes

enclosed by pre-granulosa cells

development stops/holding pattern

Question 7

Oogenesis step 3?

Answer 7

Meiosis restarts at oocyte release during ovulation

Question 8

Phases of Ovarian Cycle? (3)

Answer 8

1) Follicular (maturing follicles)
2) Ovulation
3) Luteal (prdxn of corpus luteum)

Question 9

Ovarian Cycle: Follicular phase?

Answer 9

granulosa cells -> proliferate ->
secrete zona pellucida -> 
surrounded by theca ->
↑ estrogen -> oocyte grows -> 
follicle ruptures -> ovulation

Question 10

Ovarian Cycle: Luteal phase?

Answer 10

Last 14 days of cycle

Follicular cells become corpus luteum ->
secrete estrogen/progesterone ->
vascularizes ->
if no implant, degenerates
into corpus albicans

Question 11

Estrogen/Progesterone synth/secretion?

Answer 11

LH stim Theca cells -> activate chol desmolase -> cholesterol ∆ to androgens -> to granulosa cells

FSH stim granulosa cells -> activates aromatase -> androgen ∆ to estradiol

Theca and granulosa become lutheal cells -> secrete progesterone

Question 12

Transport of Ovarian hormones?

Answer 12

Estrogen binds to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

Progest binds to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

Estrogen and thyroxine ↑ SHBG

Progest and androgens ↓ SHBG

Question 13

Androgens converted to estrogens how?

Answer 13

testost/androstenedione syth by thecal cells, ∆d to estrogens by non-thecal aromatase

aromatase in granulosa cells, adipose, mm, liver

Question 14

Hormonal control of Follicular Phase?

Answer 14

GnRH -> FSH (less)/LH(more) release

Neg feedback:
Inhibin -> FSH
Estrogen -> FSH/LH

GnRH inhibited by:
Prolactin, stress, exercise

Question 15

Hormonal control of Ovulation?

Answer 15

Follicle produces ↑ ↑ estrogen ->
+ feedback hypothal/pituit ->
LH surge mid-cycle -> ovulation

Question 16

Hormonal control of Luteal Phase?

Answer 16

LH surge ∆ ruptured follicle into luteal cells ->
↑ ↑ estrogen/progest synth

Neg feedback:
Progest on hypoth/pitu -> suppresses estrogen + feedback and 2nd surge

Question 17

Uterine cycle phases?

Answer 17

1) menstrual (days 0-5)
2) proliferation (6-14)
3) secretory (15-28)

Question 18

Menses always occurs when?

Answer 18

14 days post ovulation

cycle > 28 days have longer proliferation phase

Question 19

Menstrual Phase?

Answer 19

End of luteal/onset follicular

Prostaglands released from uterus ->
endomet vessels constrict -> endo death ->
myometrium contractions expel

Question 20

Proliferation Phase?

Answer 20

End of follicular phase

Endomet repair via ↑ estrogen

Question 21

Secretory Phase?

Answer 21

Post ovulation

Luteum secretes prog -> vascularizes/glycogens endomet

Question 22

What synthesized progesterone receptors in uterus?

Answer 22

endometrium

Question 23

Estrogen effects on mammary glands?

Fat?

Answer 23

↑ growth

↑ deposits in hips/breasts

Question 24

Estrogen effects on bones/Ca2+?

Answer 24

Close plates
Ca2+ uptake into bones
Antagonize PTH
Inhib osteoclasts

Question 25

Estrogen effects on skin? Kidneys?

Answer 25

pub hair growth ↑ Na+, Cl-, H2O absorb = bloating

Question 26

Estrogen effects on CV?

Answer 26

Maintain healthy cholesterol | Arterial vasodilation Decreases atherosclero

Question 27

Progesterone effects on uterus?

Answer 27

(Needs estrogen stim) Endometrial development Placenta formation ↓ contractility

Question 28

Progesterone effects on cervix?

Answer 28

Estrogen antagonist ↓ distention Killer mucus

Question 29

Progesterone effects on vagina?

Answer 29

Estrogen antagonist | ↓ proliferation of epith layer

Question 30

Progesterone effects on mammary?

Answer 30

↑ ductal branching | ↑ lobule/alveoli development

Question 31

Progesterone effects on metabolism?

Answer 31

↑ temp post ovulation | ↑ appetite

Question 32

Progesterone effects on kidneys?

Answer 32

↓ Na+ reabsorp via aldosterone competition

Question 33

PMDD is?

Answer 33

premenst dysphoric disorder | severe mood disorder

Question 34

Menopause?

Answer 34

Cess of cycle (U) 45-55 Preceded by progressive ovarian fail (follicle atresia)

Question 35

Climacteric is?

Answer 35

transition b/w normal and menopause (37ish)

Question 36

Cause of Perimenopause?

Answer 36

Follicle pool ↓ -> ↓ inhibition -> ↑ FSH -> accelerates follic maturation Follicle pool ↓↓ -> ↓ estro -> ↓+ feedback -> anovulation

Question 37

Cause of menopause?

Answer 37

Severely ↓↓↓ follicle pool -> ↓↓↓ estrogen -> ↑↑↑ LH/FSH -> cycle stops

Question 38

Menopause diagnostics?

Answer 38

``` FSH > 30 No cycle 12 mo LH ↑ Pituitary hormones normal Androgens still prduced ```

Question 39

Hot flashed caused by?

Answer 39

Hypothal response to ∆ in estrogen -> poor blood flow control to skin LH-induced vasomotor effect

Question 40

CV concerns w/ meno?

Answer 40

Vascular smooth mm has estrogen receptors -> Mitigate vascular injury via rapid dilation ↓ estrogen causes: ↑ injury ↑ cholesterol ↑ atheroscl/MI

Question 41

Oral contraceptive mechanism of action?

Answer 41

Neg feedback on pitui -> Ø ovluation Thick mucous ↓ uterine glycogen

Question 42

Emergency contraceptives?

Answer 42

High dose combos ↓ ovulation ↓ luteum

Question 43

Oral contraceptive benefits?

Answer 43

↓CA, cysts, ectop preg, PID

Question 44

Oral contraceptive risks?

Answer 44

``` gallstones HTN MI stroke DVT PE ```