female reproducative system

Question 1

The female reproductive system consists of ?

Answer 1

• paired ovaries and oviducts; the uterus,

- vagina, and external genitalia; and the paired mammary glands.

Question 2

explain OVARIES ?

Answer 2

• Ovaries are covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium called the germinal epithelium.
• The ovarian cortex consists of ovarian follicles in various stages of development and a connective tissue stroma containing cells that respond in unique ways to hormonal stimuli
• The ovarian medulla contains large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers in a loose connective tissue stroma.
  They also possess a small number of estrogen-secreting interstitial cells and a few androgen-secreting hilus cells.

Question 3

what is the stages of follicologenisis ?

Answer 3

1) Primordial follicles
2)Primary follicles
3) Secondary follicles
4) Graafian (mature)
5 follicle (will ovulate.)
6 Corpus luteum

Question 4

explain the Primordial follicles

Answer 4

Primordial follicles are composed of a primary oocyte enveloped by a single layer of flat follicular cells
-become arrested in prophase of meiosis I by paracrine factors produced by the follicular cells during fetal life and remain in this stage until ovulation (perhaps for years)

Question 5

explain the Primary follicles

Answer 5

are circumscribed by two layers of stromal cells: an inner cellular layer
(theca interna) and an outer fibrous layer (theca externa). Cells of the theca interna manufacture androstenedione (male sex hormone) and
express luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors on their cell membranes.

Question 6

explain the Secondary follicles

Answer 6

are established when fluid
(liquor folliculi, an exudate of plasma containing various hormones, such as activin, estradiol, follistatin, inhibin, and progesterone) begins to accumulate in the spaces between granulosa cells

Question 7

explain Graafian (mature) follicle (will ovulate.)

Answer 7

• Theca interna cells manufacture androgens, which are transferred to granulosa cells, where they are converted into estrogens.
• The theca externa is mostly collagenous. It contains a few smooth muscle cells and many blood vessels, which provide nourishment to the theca interna.

Question 8

explain the Corpus luteum

Answer 8

-It is composed of granulosa lutein cells (modified granulosa cells) and theca lutein cells (modified theca interna cells). The formation of this richly vascularized temporary endocrine gland is dependent on LH
-Granulosa lutein cells manufacture most of
the body’s progesterone and convert androgens formed by the theca lutein cells into estrogens. Theca lutein cells manufacture progesterone and androgens and small amounts of estrogen.

Question 9

explain the corpus albicans ?

Answer 9

is the remnant of the degenerated corpus luteum.
As the cell death and fibrosis progresses, the
corpus albicans contracts and becomes a
small scar on the surface of the ovary.

Question 10

explain the Atretic follicles

Answer 10

Atretic follicles are follicles (in various
stages of maturation) that are undergoing
degeneration. They are commonly present in the ovary; after a dominant Graafian follicle ovulates, the remaining Graafian and secondary follicles degenerate.

Question 11

explain the UTERUS

Answer 11

The uterine wall consists of the endometrium, myometrium, and adventitia (or serosa)

Question 12

explain the Endometrium ?

Answer 12

Layers of the endometrium
(1) The functional layer is the thick
superficial layer of the endometrium that is sloughed and reestablished monthly as a result of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
(2) The basal layer (basalis) is the deeper layer of the
endometrium that is preserved during menstruation. It has endometrial glands, which have basal cells that provide a source for reepithelialization of the endometrium after the functional layer is shed.

Question 13

explain endometrial vascular supply ?

Answer 13

• consists of two types of arteries derived from vessels in the stratum vasculare of the myometrium
  (1) Coiled arteries
  (2) Straight arteries
  .

Question 14

explain the Myometrium

Answer 14

a. The myometrium is the thick smooth muscle tunic of the uterus
b. It is composed of inner and outer longitudinal layers and a thick middle circular layer. The circular layer is richly vascularized and is often referred to as the stratum vasculare.
c. The myometrium thickens during pregnancy because of the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of individual smooth muscle cells.

Question 15

explain the Utruse external covering ?

Answer 15

a. Serosa is present over surfaces of the uterus bulging into the peritoneal cavity.
b. Adventitia is present along the retroperitoneal surfaces of the uterus.

Question 16

explain the OVIDUCTS (FALLOPIAN TUBES)

Answer 16

• Each of the two oviducts is subdivided
  into four regions: the infundibulum, which has a fimbriated end; the ampulla, which is the most common site of fertilization; the isthmus; and the intramural portion, which traverses the wall of the uterus. The wall of each oviduct consists of a mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
• The mucosa consist of epitheliumPeg cells (secrete a nutrient-rich medium that nourishes the spermatozoa , Ciliated cells Function. Ciliated cells aid in the transport of the developing embryo to the uterus.
  The lamina propria consists of loose connective
• Muscularis is composed of an illdefined inner circular and an outer
  longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
• The serosa, which is composed of a simple squamous epithelium
  .