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Repro Exam 1 > Female Physio > Flashcards

Female Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone released from the hypothalamus that signals LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary.

A

GnRH

  • must be released in a pulsatile manner
  • a continuous release inhibits LH secretion
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2
Q

Main cell type that LH binds in the ovary and the function.

A

LH binds theca interna cells to stimulate testosterone (T) production from cholesterol.

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3
Q

Main cell that FSH binds in the ovary and the function.

A

FSH binds granulosa cells to:

  1. Convert T into Estradiol (E2)
  2. Stimulate production of inhibin (negative feedback for FSH secretion)
  3. Induce LH receptor production
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4
Q

Function of E2 on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in the early and middle follicular phases.

A

Suppresses GnRH, FSH, and LH release.

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5
Q

Function of E2 in the late follicular phase.

A

Once the follicle reaches a Graffian follicle stage, the high levels of estradiol serve two functions:

  1. Stimulate a surge of GnRH release from the hypothalamus
  2. Increase sensitivity of the gonadotrophs in the anterior pit. to GnRH

This allows the LH surge to occur leading to ovulation.

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6
Q

Main source of progesterone secretion.

A

Birth Control

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7
Q

Main endogenous source of progesterone

A

Corpus Luteum

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8
Q

Functions of progesterone.

A

Inhibits GnRH and LH secretion

Prevents uterine contraction

Thickens cervical mucous

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9
Q

Function of Inhibin.

A

Negative feedback for FSH release.

-mainly to prevent recruitment and development of more than one follicle into Graafian follicles

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10
Q

Length of the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Follicular Phase: 11-20 days

2. Luteal Phase: 14 days

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11
Q

Name the 5 stages of the follicular maturation of the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Primordial
  2. Primary
  3. Secondary
  4. Tertiary
  5. Graafian
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12
Q

In which follicular phase does the zona pellucida form and from where?

A

Primary follicle

-secreted by granulosa cells

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13
Q

In which follicular phase do theca interna cells form?

A

Secondary Follicle

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14
Q

In which follicular phase do the FSH and LH receptors emerge on the ovarian cells?

A

Secondary Follicle

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15
Q

In which phase do the ovarian cells begin secreting hormones?

A

Secondary Follicle

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16
Q

What are the corona radiate and cumulus oophorus?

A

CR: granulosa cells that surround the oocyte in the Graafian follicle
CO: stalk of granulosa cells that connect the corona radiate and oocyte to the rest of the follicle

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17
Q

In which follicular phase to LH receptors form on granulosa cells?

A

Graffian Follicle

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18
Q

Direct cause of ovulation

A

LH surge

LH surge occurs 24-36 hours after peak estrogen levels, then ovulation occurs 24hrs after LH surge

19
Q

How is the corpus luteum regulated in a woman that is not pregnant?

A

Ovulation of the oocyte creates the corpus luteum from the LH surge. The levels of LH remain elevated for about 14 days and this hormone maintains the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone to prevent recruitment of any other follicles and maintain the uterine endometrium by suppressing uterine contraction.

However, progesterone has negative feedback on LH secretion and as the progesterone levels rise, the suppression of LH causes the corpus luteum to degenerate.

20
Q

What causes a rise in the FSH and LH levels in the beginning of the menstrual cycle?

A

There are low levels of E2 since the follicles are still in the primordial phase, so no inhibition of FSH release.

The corpus luteum has degenerated so there is no progesterone to inhibit LH release. (it also secretes a minor amount of E2)

21
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin?

A

First day of menses is designated as Day 1

22
Q

Name the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle.

A

Menstrual Phase: days 1-5ish
Proliferative Phase: days 6-14ish
Secretory Phase: days 15-28ish

23
Q

Hormone that controls the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle and its function.

A

Estradiol

-thins cervical mucous, induces proliferation of the cells, glands, and blood vessels

24
Q

Hormone that controls the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle and its function.

A

Progesteron

  • secretes glycogen (energy store for potential fertilized egg implantation)
  • prevents uterine contraction
  • thickens cervical mucous
25
Q

Function of estradiol in the secretoary phase of the endometrial cycle.

A

Induces progesterone receptors in the endometrial cells.

26
Q

Optimal site of fertilization of the oocyte.

A

Once the oocyte has traveled about 1/3 the length of the fallopian tube from the ovary

27
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Biochemical changes that occur to the sperm while in the female reproductive tract.
2 changes occur:
1. Tail begins “whiplike” action
2. Plasma membrane altered to enhance passage thru the granulosa cell layer and degrade the zona pellucida of the oocyte.

28
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

Sperm attaching to the zona pellucida and passing thru it to fuse with the membrane of the oocyte.

29
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Once the sperm cell membrane fuses with the oocyte cell membrane, a reaction occurs in the zona pellucida that prevents other sperm from fusing. The zona pellucida becomes more solid and any sperm receptors are internalized.

30
Q

When does the oocyte become a zygote?

A

When the genetic material from the sperm and oocyte fuse

31
Q

What occurs after the formation of the zygote?

A

It travels the rest of the way down the fallopian tube over the course of 3-4 days. During this time mitotic divisions occur leading to about a 16-32 cell morula.

32
Q

What occurs after the formation of the morula?

A

The solid mass of cells “hollows” leading to a cyst with an inner cell mass and a single cell layer surrounding the fluid chamber called the trophoblast. This stage is called the blastocyst.

33
Q

What occurs after formation of the blastocyst?

A

This is the stage where implantation into the endometrium occurs. secretion of proteolytic enzymes to allow the blastocyst to fully incorporate into the endometrium.

34
Q

What is the area of the endometrium that immediately surrounds the implanted blastocyst?

A

Decidua

35
Q

Describe the formation of the placenta.

A

The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst secrete proteolytic enzymes that degrade many of the blood vessels in the decidua leading to a “pool” of blood.

The trophoblast then proliferates a very specific cell type that will serve as the mother/fetus blood barrier. These cells are called the chorion. The chorion extends out into the pool of blood. Then the fetus extends capillaries out into the chorion to participate in nutrient and gas exchange with maternal blood. The area of the chorion between the fetal (umbilical) capillaries and the maternal (uterine) capillaries is called a chorionic villus (there are multiple chorionic villi).

This whole thing is called the placenta.

36
Q

What is the function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and where does it come from.

A

Trophoblast (syncytiotrophoblast) cells from the blastocyst secrete hCG.

It maintains the corpus luteum for about 10 weeks so that progesterone and E2 levels remain high to provide maintenance of the endometrium.

37
Q

What maintains the levels progesterone and E2 after hCG drops and the corpus luteum regresses after 10 weeks gestation?

A

Placenta secretes both.
E2: stimulates growth of the ducts of mammillary glands in the breast.
Progesterone: maintains cervical endometrium and forms the mucous plug in the cervix.

38
Q

How is a due date determined?

A

40 weeks from the FDLNMP

39
Q

Function of estrogens in parturition.

A
  1. Synthesis of gap junctions in the myometrium to allow uterine contraction as a unit.
  2. Increase in oxytocin receptors on the myometrium
  3. Increase PG formation that will also increase uterine contraction
40
Q

Describe the (+) feedback of parturition.

A

The induction of labor stimulus is still unknown, but once the placenta stops producing progesterone, the uterus undergoes contractions. This pushes the baby toward the cervix and stretches the opening of the cervix. The dilation of the opening sends a signal to the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin which cause more uterine contraction.

41
Q

Describe the (+) feedback of delivery.

A

As the baby moves through the cervix and vagina, the stretching stimulates contraction of the abdominal wall muscles.

42
Q

What physiological changes occur in the urterus with delivery of the placenta?

A

Uterine contractions continue until the placenta is removed. Once the placenta is removed the last of the uterine contractions close off the blood vessels that supplied the placenta to prevent any more blood loss.

43
Q

Function of Estrogens and Progesterone in lactation.

A

E’s: growth of glandular ducts

P: growth of alveoli (acini of apocrine cells that secrete breast milk)

44
Q

Function of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation.

A

PRL: induces milk production in apocrine cells of the mammillary alveoli

OXY: induces secretion of milk from alveoli into ducts

Repro Exam 1 (18 decks)

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