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Endo/Repro > Female Histology > Flashcards

Female Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Ovary Functions

A

Exocrine -> production of eggs and secretion

Endocrine -> estrogen production (theca interna, granulosa), progesterone production (corpus luteum after ovulation)

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2
Q

Oviduct Functions

A

Fallopian tubes

- ovum pick-up, sperm transport, site of fertilization, egg nourishment, conduit for transmission of infections

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3
Q

Uterus Functions

A

Implantation site for conceptus

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4
Q

Vagina Functions

A

copulatory receptacle, birth canal

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5
Q

Mammary Gland Functions

A

milk production

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6
Q

Ovary organization

A

suspended by mesovarium (broad ligament), peritoneal covering (germinal epithelium), hilum (attachment of mesovarium and conduit for blood vessels and lymphatics)

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7
Q

Zones of Ovary

A

Cortex -> outer layer (where all the action happens)
- tunica albuginea, directly underneath germinal epithelium
- stroma, compact, CT with reticular fibers and follicles embedded in stroma
Medulla -> inner layer (loose fibroelastic CT, blood vessels)

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8
Q

Primordial Germ Cells

A
  • Yolk sac origin, mitotic proliferation, migration to primordium of ovary, diploid cells
  • 3rd fetal month -> oogonia become primary oocytes and become arrested in prophase I until puberty
  • Puberty -> primary oocytes finish maturation and become secondary oocytes and arrest in metaphase II (until fertilization)
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9
Q

Primordial Follicles

A

Primary oocyte arrested in prophase I until just before ovulation
- follicular cells -> single layer of flattened cells that have FSH receptors

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10
Q

Primary Follicles

A

20-50 primordial follicles respond to FSH every cycle

  • oocyte enlarges and follicular cells become granulosa cells (convert androgen to estrogen)
  • theca folliculi also develop (androgen production)
  • zona pellucida develops (gel-like glycoprotein) -> ZP 3 is what binds to spermatozoa
  • after menarche, 1 follicle becomes dominant follicle, all others undergo atresia
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11
Q

Secondary Follicles

A

Still in prophase I arrest –> antrum formation

  • Antrum -> liquor folliculi production with GAGs, proteins, gonad hormones, FSH, inhibin, electrolytes
  • Granulosa cells -> become cumulus oophorus that surrounds oocyte
  • Theca folliculi -> 2 distinct portions, theca interna (highly vascular, androgen production), theca externa (smooth muscle like, no known function)
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12
Q

Mature Follicles (Graafian)

A

Total maturation takes 3 months

  • Corona radiata -> follicle cells in direct contact with egg
  • Theca folliculi -> greatest development
  • LH signals maturation -> oocyte resumes maturation, becomes arrested in metaphase II (first polar body formed)
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13
Q

Ovulation

A
  1. LH surge –> granulosa and theca cells receptive
  2. Primary follicle responds
  3. Meiosis I is complete (first polar body)
  4. Arrest in metaphase II
  5. Stigma formation (wall weakening of tunica albuginea, decreased blood flow)
  6. Rupture and expulsion of cumulus mass
  7. Ovum capture by oviductal fimbria
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14
Q

FSH

A

granulosa cells growth and estrogen synthesis

- later, FSH stimulates an increase in LH receptors

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15
Q

LH

A

stimualtes theca cell growth and androgen production

  • granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen
  • stimulates progesterone production of granulosa cells
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16
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

temporary glandular structure -> derived from ruptured follicle after ovulation
- follicular cavity closes by healing stigma
Granulosa cells -> increase greatly in size = granulosa lutein cells (produce progesterone and estrogen)
Theca Interna cells -> increase in size = theca lutein cells
*if embryo doesn’t develop -> involution occurs and scar forms
*if pregnany -> becomes large because of hCG stimulation until 2nd trimester, then involutes

17
Q

Estrogen

A

produced by growing follicles

  • induces maturation of female reproductive tract and mammary glands
  • directs repair of uterus following menstruation
18
Q

Progesterone

A

produced primarily by corpus luteum

  • causes uterine glands to secrete
  • prepares uterus for implantation of ovum
  • aids in growth of mammary glands
  • inhibits premature uterine contractions
19
Q

Relaxin

A

produced by corpus luteum and decidual cells (placenta)

  • inhibits contractions by myometrium
  • promotes dilation of cervix
20
Q

Inhibin

A

follicular fluid -> negative feedback on FSH release

21
Q

Atretic Follicles

A

99% of follicles undergo atresia

- just doesn’t look healthy -> entire structure is replaced by scar tissue

22
Q

Ampulla

A

elaborate branching folds -> largest diameter
- simple columnar, ciliated epithelium
Estrogen -> increases # of ciliated cells and secretion of secretory cells
Progesterone -> increases # of secretory cells

23
Q

Isthmus

A

fewer folds than ampulla, reduced ciliated cells, active secretory cells

24
Q

Intramural Segment

A

Barely any folds and no cilia

25
Q

Muscularis layer of oviduct

A

all 3 segments have thick inner circular layer and thin outer longitudinal layer
- tubal peristalsis helps embryo transport through isthmus

26
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A

Simple tubular glands, simple columnar epithelium (ciliated at gland apex, secretory)

  • lamina propria -> mesenchymal cells
  • Basal layer -> deepest layer (regenerate functional layer) -> straight arteries
  • Functional layer -> superficial and deep spongy layer (helical arteries)
27
Q

Myometrium of uterus

A

Smooth muscle arranged in 3 layers, hard to identify distinct layers

  • Cyclical hormone response -> muscle fibers shortest during first week of menstruation, longest during 4th week of cycle
  • Pregnancy -> hypertrophy and some hyperplasia
28
Q

Perimetrium of uterus

A

outer mesothelial lining

29
Q

Blood supply to uterus

A

Uterine arteries -> arcuate arteries -> split between straight arteries (basal layer) and spiral/helical arteries (functional layer) –> capillaries

30
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A 
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
Premenstrual Phase
Menstrual Phase
Repair Phase
31
Q

Proliferative Phase

A

Estrogen dependent! -> begins at end of menstrual flow

  • 2-3x increase in endometrial thickness (mitoses of glands and stroma)
  • coiled arteries elongate
32
Q

Secretory Phase

A

Progesterone secretion increases dramatically, estrogen increases as well

  • endometrial thickness continues (but due to edema, not mitoses)
  • coiled arteries continue to elongate
  • massive glycogen accumulation in stroma and glands
33
Q

Premenstrual Phase

A

corpus luteum begins regression –> decreased steroid output

  • coiled arteries constrict intermittently -> response to decline in progesterone, anoxia
  • periodic dilation of coiled arteries -> small hemorrhages and seepage
  • coiled arteries constrict permanently -> endometrium detachment begins, arterioles bleed into denuded surface
34
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

functional layer of endometrium undergoes complete necrosis and is shed

  • venous seepage -> can’t clot due to fibrinolysin
  • denuded surface is rapidly re-epithelialized (migration of cells from glands in basal layer)
35
Q

Cervical Mucosa

A

many branching cervical glands, mucosa is not shed during menstruation

  • secretions are cyclical and are least viscous at ovulation -> lets sperm in
  • simple columnar epithelium –> abrupt transition to stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium at external os (squamocolumnar junction)
36
Q

Myometrium

A

composed of dense CT

- cervical dilation in pregnancy by relaxin

37
Q

Vagina Mucosa

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing –> estrogen sensitive
- follicular phase -> proliferation and hypertrophy of basal cells (glycogen uptake)
- luteal phase -> decrease in height, shed into lumen
Lamina propria –> many leukocytes
- rugae
- NO GLANDS -> lubrication comes from cervical glands
- glycogen –> metabolized by lactobacilli –> lactic acid production –> decrease in pH

38
Q

External Genitalia

A

Labia majora -> homologous to skin of scrotum
Labia minora -> homologous to skin of penis
Clitoris -> erectile tissue homologous to penis
Vestible -> stratified squamous epithelium
- lesser glands -> mucous glands
- great glands -> homologous to bulbourethral glands

39
Q

Sensory nerves of external genitalia

A

Meissner’s corpuscles -> mons pubis and labia majora
Pacinian corpuscles -> deeper layers of CT, erectile function
Free nerve endings -> occur in large #s, equally distributed

Endo/Repro (34 decks)

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