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Endo/Repro > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Urogential Ridge

A

intermediate mesoderm –> urogenital ridge
nephrogenic ridge -> urinary system
gonadal/genital ridge -> gential system

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2
Q

Pronephric phase

A

pronephros arise in cervical region and give rise to pronephric duct –> grows caudally and opens into cloaca
- eventually degenerates

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3
Q

Mesonephric phase

A

pronephric duct becomes mesonephric duct

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4
Q

Metanephric phase

A

definitive kidney

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5
Q

Mesonephros

A

gives rise to the mesonephric tubules that become efferent ductules of male testis

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6
Q

Ureteric Buds

A

mesonephric duct in male gives rise to ductus deferens in male
- also gives rise to ureteric buds in both male/female
Ureteric buds -> grow into intermediate mesoderm and initiate formation of definitive kidney
- gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts

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7
Q

Nephrons

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
- arise from intermediate mesoderm through induction by arched collecting tubules

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8
Q

Glomerulus

A

formed by endothelial cells growing into renal capsule

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9
Q

Uriniferous tubules

A

consist of nephron and collecting ducts

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10
Q

Metanephric kidneys

A

definitive kidneys

- located deep in pelvis but ascend into abdomen later in development

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11
Q

Renal Agenesis

A

failure of ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm to interact

  • more common on L and in males
  • if bilateral –> death
  • suspect in single umbilical artery patients*
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12
Q

Duplicated/branched ureter

A

bifurcation of ureteric bud

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13
Q

Ectopic ureter

A

ureter enters urogential sinus derivative at some site other than dorsolateral wall of urinary bladder

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14
Q

Supernumerary kidney

A

due to divison of ureteric buds and interaction with areas of metanephric mesoderm

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15
Q

Pelvic kidneys

A

failure of kidney to migrate from pelvis

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16
Q

Crossed kidney

A

kidney migrates to opposite side and kidneys fuse

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17
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

2 kidneys fuse at inferior poles and migration is blocked by inferior mesenteric artery

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18
Q

Multiple renal arteries

A

due to segmental blood supply during development

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19
Q

Urorectal septum

A

mesoderm origin –> divides cloaca into rectum and urogenital sinus

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20
Q

Urogential sinus

A

continuous with allantois –> extends to body stalk

  • vesicle part -> forms urinary bladder (continuous with allantois which becomes urachus)
  • pelvic part -> becomes bladder neck and prostatic urethra in male, full urethra in female
  • phallic/spongy part -> grows toward genital tubercle
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21
Q

Perineal Body

A

forms where urorectal septum comes in close contact with cloacal membrane

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22
Q

Mesonephric ducts and ureteric bud

A

incorporated into posterior wall of developing urinary bladder
- results in trigone of bladder formed by mesonephric duct

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23
Q

Epithelium of entire bladder

A

ENDODERM of urogential sinus

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24
Q

Urethra

A

Proximal male -> urogential sinus
Distal male -> ectoderm
Female -> urogenital sinus

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25
Q

CT and smooth muscle of bladder

A

splanchnic mesoderm

26
Q

Urachal sinus and fistula

A

Sinus –> secretion of fluid (not urine)

Fistula –> need to see if it is urine or fecal material

27
Q

Exstrophy of bladder

A

bladder that opens onto anterior abdominal wall

- lack of anterior wall mesoderm to close during 4th week

28
Q

Megacyst

A

ONLY in MALE

  • posterior urethral valves don’t undergo apoptosis during development and block outflow of urine
  • leads to renal failure and pulmonary hypoplasia
29
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

neural crest cells –> chromaffin cells

30
Q

Adrenocortical primordia

A

cranial part of urogenital ridge
- cortex develops from mesoderm located on posterior ad wall
Fetal cortex –> large size
Permanent cortex -> develops later and replaces fetal cortex

31
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

many clinical forms, due to enzyme deficiencies

- 21-beta hydroxylase gene is most common

32
Q

Genetic sex determination

A

at time of fertilization, but phenotypic sex is determined at 7th week of development

33
Q

Phenotypic maleness

A

presence of Y chromosome –> SRY protein –> testicular determining factor –> development of testes

34
Q

Phenotypic female

A

2 X chromosomes -> absence of Y chromosome

35
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

47 XXY -> nondysjunction of XX homologues

- infertility, gynecomastia, and impaired sex maturation

36
Q

Turner syndrome

A

46 XO -> failure of gonads to develop and infantile genitalia -> lack of paternal sex chromosome
- short stature, high palate, webbed neck, broad-shield chest, widespaced-inverted nipples, absence of sexual maturation

37
Q

Ovotesticular disorder

A

hermaphrodites (disorder of sexual development)

- possess both testicular and ovarian tissue

38
Q

Migration of gametes from umbilical vesicle

A

into genital ridge during sex development

  • primordial germ cells enter genital ridge during 5th week
  • caudal end = gonads
  • developing gonads consist of mesothelium, mesenchyme, and primordial germ cells
39
Q

Cortical cords

A

Male - germ cells migrate to cortical cords and form seminiferous tubules –> precursors of sertoli cells
Female - cortical cords break apart and form follicular cells

40
Q

Efferent ductules

A

form from mesonephric ducts and become epididymis

41
Q

Interstitial cells of Leydig

A

develop from mesenchyme and synthesize androgens

42
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

don’t mature during fetal period but under influence of hCG -> produce anti-Mullerian hormone –> suppress paramesonephric ducts

43
Q

Oogonia

A

formed from primordial germ cells –> meiosis stimulating factor –> enter meiosis I –> primary oocyte

44
Q

Differentiation of Male Sexual Duct System

A
  • anti-Mullerian hormone from Sertoli Cells -> paramesonephric ducts degenerate -> leaving prostatic utricle
  • testosterone causes mesonephric ducts to become epididymis, ductus deferens, ejac duct
45
Q

Differentiation of Female Sexual Duct System

A

If ovaries present or gonads absent, ducts differentiate into female phenotype
- absence of anti-Mullerian hormone allows paramesonephric ducts to develop (uterine tubes and uterus) –> travel caudally and fuse to form uterovaginal primordium –> makes sinus tubercle

46
Q

Upper 1/3 of vagina

A

develops from paramesonephric ducts

47
Q

Lower 2/3 of vagina

A

develops from vaginal plate derived from urogential sinus

48
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

bulbourethral glands

49
Q

Paramesonephric duct agenesis

A

complete/partial absence of uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina –> shallow vagina
- normal ovarian cycle but no menstruation

50
Q

Double uterus and double vagina

A

paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse

51
Q

Double uterus and single vagina

A

only distal end of paramesonephric ducts fuse

52
Q

Bicornuate uterus

A

defective fusion of paramesonephric ducts

53
Q

Uterine septum

A

incomplete resorption of tissue of developing uterus

54
Q

Unicornuate uterus

A

only 1 paramesonephric duct develops

55
Q

Absence of uterus and vagina

A

failure of uterovaginal primordium to form and induce formation of sinus tubercle

56
Q

Migration of gonads

A

Male - gubernaculum guides testis down through deep inguinal ring and under influence of androgens
Female - gubernaculum becomes ligament of ovary and round ligament of uterus

57
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes - results in sterility and increased risk of cancer

58
Q

Ectopic testis

A

due to migration of testis to some other site because of abnormal location of gubernaculum

59
Q

Congential inguinal hernia

A

indirect hernia

- peritoneal cavity fails to close

60
Q

Hydrocele

A

accumulation of fluid in remains of process vaginalis

61
Q

Male external development

A

testosterone –> DHT

  • produces masculinization by stimulating phallus to enlarge and elongate - penis
  • urogential folds fuse to form spongy urethra
  • ectodermal cord grows to form glans
  • labioscrotal swellings form the scrotum
62
Q

Female external development

A

lack of testosterone -> estrogens induce feminization

  • phallus becomes clitoris
  • urogenital folds become labia minora (space is vagina)
  • labioscrotal swellings form labia majora

Endo/Repro (34 decks)

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