Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Female Genital System > Flashcards

Female Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

Condyloma accuminata

A
  1. Warty neoplasm of squamous epithelium of vulva
  2. Most commonly due to low-risk HPV subtypes 6 and 11
  3. HPV induces koilocytic change, causing the nuclei of infected cells to appear crinkled like a raisin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lichen sclerosis

A
  1. Thinning of epidermis and fibrosis of dermis
  2. Leukoplakia with parchment-like vulvar skin
  3. Most commonly seen in postmenopausal women
  4. Usually benign, but associated with a slightly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lichen simplex chronicus

A
  1. Hyperplasia of vulvar squamous epithelium
  2. Leukoplakia with thick, leathery vulvar skin
  3. Associated with chronic irritation and scratching
  4. Benign with no increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vulvar carcinoma

A
  1. Presents as leukoplakia
  2. Biopsy may be required to distinguish carcinoma from other causes of leukoplakia
  3. May be HPV-related or non-HPV-related
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Extramammary Paget disease

A
  1. Associated with malignant epithelial cells in epidermis of vulva
  2. Presents as erythematous, pruritic, ulcerated skin
  3. Represents carcinoma in situ
  4. DDx: carcinoma vs. melanoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can you distinguish Paget disease of the vulva from melanoma via histologic examination of the affected tissue?

A

Paget cells stain PAS+, keratin+, S100-, while melanoma stains PAS-, keratin-, S100+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adenosis

A
  1. Focal persistence of columnar epithelium in upper 1/3 of vagina
  2. Increased incidence in females exposed to DES in utero
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A
  1. Characterized by malignant proliferation of glands with clear cytoplasm
  2. Rare complication of DES-associated vaginal adenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (also known as sarcoma botryoides)

A
  1. Consists of malignant mesenchymal proliferation of immature skeletal muscle
  2. Presents as bleeding, grape-like mass protruding from a child’s vagina or penis
  3. Usually presents in children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vaginal carcinoma

A
  1. Carcinoma arising from squamous epithelium lining vaginal mucosa
  2. Usually related to infection with high-risk HPV subtypes 16 and 18
  3. Precursor lesion is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cancer from lower 2/3 of vagina metastasizes to…

A

Inguinal nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cancer from upper 1/3 of vagina metastasizes to…

A

Regional iliac nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bartholin cyst

A
  1. Usually occurs in women of reproductive age
  2. Presents as unilateral, painful cystic lesion
  3. Found in lower vestibule adjacent to vaginal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

High-risk HPV produces…

A

E6, which inactivates p53, a crucial regulator of the G1 to S transition of the cell cycle, and E7, which inactivates Rb, a important regulator of E2F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Distinction between dysplasia and carcinoma is…

A

Reversibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cervical carcinoma

A
  1. Invasive carcinoma that arises from cervical epithelium
  2. Most commonly seen in middle-aged women (40-50 yrs old)
  3. Presents as vaginal bleeding
  4. Key risk factor is high-risk HPV infection
  5. Secondary risk factors include smoking and immunodeficiency
  6. Can be either squamous cell carcinoma (most common) or adenocarcinoma (less common)
17
Q

One of the most common causes of death in pts with advanced cervical carcinoma is…

A

Post-renal failure with hydronephrosis.

18
Q

Pap smear

A
  1. Gold standard for screening
  2. Abnormal Pap smear must be followed up with confirmatory colposcopy and biopsy
  3. Inadequate sampling of the transformation zone (i.e., the junction between the endocervix and exocervix) may yield a false-negative screening result
  4. Of limited efficacy in screening for adenocarcinoma
19
Q

Asherman syndrome

A
  1. Result of overaggressive dilation and curettage

2. Presents as secondary amenorrhea due to loss of stratum basalis (regenerative layer) and scarring

20
Q

Anovulatory cycle

A
  1. Characterized by estrogen-driven proliferative phase without progesterone-driven secretory phase due to lack of ovulation
  2. Common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding during menarche and menopause
21
Q

Acute endometritis

A
  1. Bacterial infection of endometrium
  2. Usually due to retained products of conception
  3. Presents as fever, abnormal uterine bleeding, and pelvic pain
22
Q

Chronic endometritis

A
  1. Consists of chronic inflammation of the endometrium
  2. Characterized by plasma cell infiltration of the endometrium
  3. Common causes include retained products of conception, chronic PID, IUD use, and TB
  4. Presents as abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility
23
Q

Endometrial polyp

A
  1. Hyperplastic protrusion of endometrium
  2. Presents as abnormal uterine bleeding
  3. Can arise as a side effect of tamoxifen, which exhibits a weak pro-estrogen effect on the endometrium
24
Q

Endometriosis

A
  1. Endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine endometrial lining
  2. Presents as dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain
  3. May cause infertility
  4. Increased risk of carcinoma at the site of endometriosis
25
Q

Sites commonly involved in endometriosis

A
  1. Ovary – chocolate cyst
  2. Uterine ligaments
  3. Pouch of Douglas – pain with defecation
  4. Bladder wall – pain with urination
  5. Bowel serosa – abdominal pain and adhesions
  6. Fallopian tube mucosa – scarring
26
Q

Involvement of uterine myometrium in endometriosis is called…

A

Adenomyosis.

27
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A
  1. Hyperplasia of endometrial glands relative to stroma
  2. Consequence of unopposed estrogen
  3. Presents as postmenopausal uterine bleeding
  4. Cellular atypia is the most important predictor of progression to carcinoma
28
Q

Endometrial carcinoma

A
  1. Consists of malignant proliferation of endometrial glands
  2. Presents as postmenopausal bleeding
  3. Can be of either sporadic or hyperplastic etiology
  4. Endometrial hyperplasia leading to endometrial carcinoma is associated with endometrioid histology
  5. Sporadic endometrial carcinoma arises from atrophic endometrium and is associated with papillary serous histology; sporadic tumors are frequently driven by p53 mutations; average age of affected pts is 70 yrs; may find psamomma bodies in these tumors due to necrosis of papillae
29
Q

Leiomyoma

A
  1. Benign proliferation of smooth muscle arising from myometrium
  2. Related to estrogen exposure
  3. Histology reveals multiple, well-defined, white-whorled masses
  4. Prevalent in premenopausal women
  5. Usually asymptomatic, but can cause infertility and abnormal uterine bleeding
30
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A
  1. Malignant proliferation of smooth muscle arising from myometrium
  2. Arises de novo; does not arise from leiomyoma
  3. Usually seen in postmenopausal women
  4. Presents as single lesion displaying necrosis and hemorrhage
31
Q

FSH acts on…

A

Granulosa cells.

32
Q

LH acts on…

A

Theca cells.

33
Q

Hemorrhage into corpus luteum can result in…

A

Hemorrhagic luteal cyst.

34
Q

Degeneration of ovarian follicles results in…

A

Follicular cysts.

35
Q

PCOS

A
  1. Multiple follicular cysts in ovaries
  2. Characterized by increased LH and decreased FSH such that LH:FSH > 2
  3. Classic presentation: obese young woman with infertility, oligomenorrhea, and hirsutism
  4. Subset of pts exhibit insulin resistance and go on to develop T2DM
  5. High circulating estrone levels increase risk for endometrial carcinoma; estrone is a form of estrogen produced by adipose tissue

Pathology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions