Female entrepreneurs Flashcards
- Female entrepreneur = business controlled by a woman
Watson 2002
- Out of 3.7m SMEs in the UK only 26% are owned by women
Carter et al 2002
- Team ownership not considered true scale of the female entrepreneur may be under-estimated –
……
finds ‘Teams’ out-perform both solo-male and female ventures.
Chell and Baines (1998)
Women paid how much less than men for same performing job
25%
- Worse access to resources, women usually under-capitalised vs. men
Carter & Rosa 2008
Why do women become entrepreneurs:
- Discrimination: Face social & labour market discrimination
- Combat a ‘glass ceiling’: Escape from workplace discrimination and blocks on chances of advancement
- Coping strategy: Careers interrupted by child rearing. Greater flexibility in combining work and family responsibilities
- Make sig. amount of money.
Marlow (1997)
Remind on average women who have lower human, financial and social capital usual enter low barriers to entry industries such as consumer based service activities
Anna et al. 2000
Liberal feminist theory–> suggests that SMEs run by women will exhibit poorer performance. Women are overtly discriminated against (by lenders) or other systematic factors that deprive women of resources (i.e. education, managerial know-how etc).
Fischer et al 1993
However, it is assumed that if demographic differences are controlled for (thereby removing the effects of any bias against female entrepreneurs) there should be no significant difference in relative performance of male- and female-owned businesses
Anna et al 2000
Social feminist theory (fischer et al 1993)—- suggests that men and women are inherently different by nature. While females may take different approaches to business e.g. more cautious with resource commitment, they are likely to be as effective as males in business
Watson 2002
UK 104 owner-mangers in UK,
Teams’ reported higher sales turnover than ‘solo females’ or ‘sole males’
Most owners do not want to grow their ventures
Chell and Baines 1998
Male/ female bivariate analysis
Us retail sector, Women most likely to exit business
Carter et al (1997). Multivariate statistical anlysis
300 female headed firms vs. 300 male headed in England & Scotland
Bi = female firms underperform on multiple indicators
Multi = only underperformed with less sale turn over + fewer full-time employees vs. men
Rosa et al (1996). Bivariate and multivariate analysis. n
Data from 184 UK firms in 1988.
No difference between male and female owned firms
Johnson and Storey (1993). Focused on hard indicators of performance
Australia. With equal resources, men and women perform the same. One indicator – profitability per dollar suggested women performed better than men
Watson (2002). univariate parametric tests
