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Breast Sonography > Female Breast Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Breast Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

At what gestational age do mammary glands begin to develop?

A

6W LMP

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2
Q

Mammary ridges AKA

A

Milk Lines

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3
Q

Which ducts have already developed by birth?

A

main lactiferous ducts

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4
Q

When do breasts ripen? (age)

A

9-16 years

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5
Q

What hormone stimulates TDLU growth?

A

progesterone

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6
Q

Rapid breast growth at puberty is AKA

A

thelarche

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7
Q

What is premature thelarche?

A

early breast development (6-8 years)

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8
Q

Breasts are not completely mature until

A

pregnancy and lactation occur

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9
Q

When are breasts mature if no immediate pregnancy after menarche?

A

2 years after menarche

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10
Q

Which breast is typically larger?

A

left

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11
Q

Congenital breast anomalies (6)

A
  1. nipple inversion
  2. athelia
  3. polythelia
  4. amastia
  5. polymastia
  6. amazia
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12
Q

Nipple inversion, when congenital, is typically

A

bilateral

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13
Q

Athelia AKA

A

absence of nipple

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14
Q

Absence of nipple AKA

A

Athelia

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15
Q

What is the #1 congenital breast anomaly?

A

Polythelia (Accessory Nipples)

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16
Q

Polythelia AKA

A

Accessory Nipples, #1 most common, typically inferior to normal nipple

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17
Q

Amastia

A

Failure of breast tissue and nipple to develop

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18
Q

Polymastia

A

Accessory breast tissue, usually with no nipple

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19
Q

Polymastia is more common in

A

men, typically axillary

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20
Q

Amazia

A

Absence of functioning breast tissue, under a normal nipple

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21
Q

Breasts AKA

A

Mammary Glands

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22
Q

Layers of tissue seen sonographically: (6)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Premammary layer
  3. Mammary layer
  4. Retromammary layer
  5. Muscle layer
  6. Chest wall
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23
Q

How thick is the breast skin layer?

A

0.5-2mm thick, most thick at base

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24
Q

What is the nipple composed of?

A

erectile tissues, and 15-20 excretory ducts for milk

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25
Q

The areola is made of

A

smooth muscle tissue

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26
Q

Montgomery Glands:

A

sebaceous glands on areolar surface that secrete protective oils during lactation

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27
Q

Axillary Tail of Spence:

A

mammary tissue that extends into upper outer quadrant and axilla region

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28
Q

Where does the pectoralis muscle lie?

A

2nd-6th rib, sternum-axilla

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29
Q

Where does the breast lie?

A

inferior to 1st or 2nd rib, superior to 7th

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30
Q

What is the most common palpable finding mistaken for a mass?

31
Q

Which nerves innervate each breast?

A

right and left intercostal

32
Q

Premammary Layer AKA

A

Subcutaneous Fat Layer

33
Q

The premammary layer is present everywhere but

A

posterior to nipple

34
Q

What can be found in the premammary layer?

A

sebaceous cysts and lipomas

35
Q

The fat found in the premammary layer can vary depending on:

A

age, obesity, pregnancy

36
Q

Two other names for Mammary layer:

A

Glandular or Parenchymal

37
Q

Where does most breast pathology occur?

A

Mammary Layer

38
Q

What tissues comprise the Glandular layer ?

A

Epithelial and Stromal

39
Q

Epithelial Tissues:

A

FUNCTIONAL: TDLU, lobules, lactiferous ducts

40
Q

Stromal Tissues:

A

STRUCTURAL: fat and connective tissues

41
Q

Each breast has how many lobes?

A

15-20, arranged in radial fashion around nipple

42
Q

Smallest functional unit?

A

acini cells, produce milk, found inside lobules

43
Q

Interlobular CT AKA

A

Coopers Ligaments

44
Q

Intralobular CT:

A

less dense than Coopers Ligaments, surrounds each individual lobule of breast tissue

45
Q

Which part of the breast contains the most glandular tissue?

A

upper outer quadrant

46
Q

How many acini cells per breast?

47
Q

What makes up TDLU?

A

30-50 acinar cells grouped together in a lobule with associated terminal ducts

48
Q

How large are typical TDLUs?

49
Q

TDLU size in pts with fibrocystic disease or adenosis:

A

up to 5 mm

50
Q

TDLU proliferation occurs when?

A

reproductive years and pregnancy/lactation

51
Q

TDLU atrophy occurs when?

A

cessation of breast feeding and postmenopausal

52
Q

Where in the breast are most TDLUs found?

A

anterior, most pathology arises in superficial half of mammary zone

53
Q

Non-lactating ducts measure:

54
Q

Lactating ducts measure:

55
Q

Describe milk flow through breast:

A

Acini Cells in Lobules>Intralobular Ducts>Extralobular Ducts>Interlobular Ducts>Main Terminal Duct>Lactiferous Sinus/Ampulla>Collection/Excretory Ducts>Nipple

56
Q

Internal Thoracic Artery AKA

A

Internal Mammary Artery- supplies medial breast, originates at subclavian art

57
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral breast?

A

Lateral Thoracic Artery

58
Q

How does lymph drainage move in the breast?

A

deep>superficial (towards areola)>then towards axilla

59
Q

1 site for lymph node mets from breast CA?

60
Q

Level 1 Axillary Lymph Node Classification:

A

found in nodes lateral to pectoralis minor

-pectoral, subscapular, lateral, paramammary

61
Q

Level 2 Axillary Lymph Node Classification:

A

Deep to pectoralis minor

-interpectoral and central nodes

62
Q

Level 3 Axillary Lymph Node Classification:

A

found in nodes medial to pectoralis minor

-apical

63
Q

Which accessory nodes are considered distant for mets, and therefore have a poor prognosis?

A

supraclavicular

64
Q

T/F: Normal mammary nodes have posterior enhancement.

A

False, they do not have posterior enhancement

65
Q

What hormone stimulates ductal proliferation?

66
Q

What hormone stimulates lobular proliferation?

A

progesterone (causes PMS symptoms in breast)

67
Q

Which organ /gland excretes prolactin inhibitors?

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

Which organ/gland excretes prolactin?

69
Q

Which organ/gland excretes oxytocin?

70
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

causes ductal contraction to expel milk

71
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is secreted by which organ?

A

the liver - levels assessed after diagnosis, should decrease with tumor removal

72
Q

What role does Alkaline Phosphatase play in lab work for breast cancer?

A

ezyme levels used to rule out tumor mets in patients with known cancer..elevated in some liver, bone, lung, and pancreatic cancers

73
Q

The classification used for supernumerary breast tissue

A

Kajava’s Classification

Breast Sonography (6 decks)

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