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Breast Sonography > Breast Cancer > Flashcards

Breast Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer most commonly occurs in what race?

A

Caucasian

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2
Q

Earliest sign of breast cancer seen on mammography?

A

microcalcifications

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3
Q

Three factors in risk of cancer in order:

A
  1. gender
  2. age (>50years)
  3. family history
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4
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

A

rare autosomal dominant disorder greatly increasing risk of developing several kinds of cancer

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5
Q

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH)

A

identified on breast bx, increases risk for breast cancer

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6
Q

When is nipple discharge likely a benign finding?

A

whitish, greenish, or yellow, produced by several ducts

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7
Q

Benign changes in breast that may appear malignancy sonographically: (6)

A
  • scar tissue
  • diabetic mastopathy
  • fat necrosis
  • radial scar
  • sclerosing adenosis
  • granular cell tumors
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8
Q

Characteristics of spiculated carcinomas:

A
  • mildly invasive
  • low number of tumor cells
  • water poor composition
  • reduced sound transmission -shadowing
  • not especially hypervascular
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9
Q

Characteristics of circumscribed carcinomas:

A
  • highly invasive
  • high number of tumor cells
  • water rich composition
  • increased sound transmission-enhancement
  • hypervascular
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10
Q

The greater the peripheral vascularity, the _____ the cancer.

A

more agressive

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11
Q

Describe properties of multicentric tumor formation:

A
  • multiple tumors in different quadrants
  • tumor formation in both breasts
  • tumors separated by more than 5cm
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12
Q

Describe properties of multifocal tumor formation:

A
  • multiple tumors within same area, quadrant , or ductal system
  • tumors separated by less than 5 cm
  • more common than multicentric formations
  • better prognosis than multicentric
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13
Q

What is ductal extension?

A

mass invasion of a single peripheral duct directed toward nipple

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14
Q

What is branch pattern?

A

mass invasion of multiple peripheral ducts directed away from nipple

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15
Q

Which carcinoma is actually not a cancer?

A

Lobular Carcinoma in Situ is actually a lobular neoplasm

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16
Q

Which carcinoma is most frequently missed on imaging?

A

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, MRI best

17
Q

Name the three Lobular Carcinomas

A
  1. Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
  2. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
  3. Tubulolobular Carcinoma
18
Q

Three Stromal Carcinomas:

A
  1. Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Metastatic Breast Cancer
19
Q

What is the most common breast sarcoma?

A

cystosarcoma phyllodes

20
Q

Which cancer is the malignant form of fibroadenoma?

A

cystosarcoma phyllodes

21
Q

How does breast lymphoma present?

A
  1. RARE
  2. Palpable mass and/or diffuse thickening
  3. Rapid contrast uptake on MRI
22
Q

Distant Mets

A
  • once cancer cells extend to nodes outside of L1, L2, L3

- Cancer cells invading other organs

23
Q

Breast Mets most commonly move to

A 
#1 Bone
#2 Liver
#3 Lung
24
Q

Stage 0 Carcinoma Stage:

A

In Situ Carcinomas

25
Q

Stage 1 Carcinoma Stage:

A

<2 cm in size, no mets, no LN involvement

26
Q

Stage 2 Carcinoma Stage:

A
  1. <2 cm in size, +nodes in axilla, no mets OR
  2. 2-5cm in size, +nodes in axilla, no mets OR
  3. > 5cm in size, no nodal involvement or mets
27
Q

Stage 3 Carcinoma Stage:

A

> 5 cm AND ATLEAST ONE of the following:

  • local/regional spread
  • muscular attachment at chest wall
  • fused axillary lymph nodes
28
Q

Stage 4 Carcinoma Stage:

A

Any sized with muscular involvement at chest wall OR invasion to skin level AND mets to other breast spots AND significant node involvement

29
Q

The Sentinel node is most often which level?

A

Level 1…lateral to pec minor

30
Q

The most common route for mets to the breast is

A

bloodstream (hematogeneous)

31
Q

Most common distant primaries:

A
  1. Melanoma (F)
  2. Prostate (M)
  3. lungs
  4. ovaries
  5. sarcoma
32
Q

In mets to breast from distant primaries, where are these lesions most commonly found?

A

subcutaneous tissues, and often multiple mass formation

33
Q

Most common type of mets occuring in the breast

A

from primary in opposite breast (occuring by direct infiltration)…usually solitary mass

34
Q

Most common route for mets to bone

A

intercostal veins

35
Q

Which drugs reduce estrogen and therefore tumor recurrence?

A

Tamoxifen and Raloxifine

Breast Sonography (6 decks)

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