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Vets6108* > Female anatomy and histology > Flashcards

Female anatomy and histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of ovary?

A
  1. development and maturation female gemr cells
  2. production of reproductive hormones
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the ovary.

A
  1. mesovarium
    - part of the supportive apparatus
  2. germinal epithelium
    - simple cuboidal epithelium
    - continuous with serosal epithelium of the peritoneum
  3. tunica albuginea
  4. cortex
    - connective tissue enclosing follicles and corpus luteum/corpora lutea
  5. medulla
    - loose connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels, nerves
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3
Q

Where can the ovarian follicles (primary oocyte & follicular cells) be found?

A

cortex

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4
Q

State the stages of the development of follicles in the cortex.

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Tertiary follicle
  5. Mature follicle
  6. Corpora lutea
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5
Q

Describe primordial follicles

A
  • primary oocyte and single layer of flattened follicular cells
  • “resting” follicles
  • form prenatally
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6
Q

Describe primary follicles.

A
  • primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal follicular cells
  • slight increase in size
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7
Q

Describe Secondary follicles.

A
  • primary oocyte surrounded by at lease 2 layers of cuboidal to columnar follicular cells
  • changes from follicular cells to granulosa
  • substantial increase in size
  • differentiation of stromal cells into theca follicularis
    development of zona pellucida (protein layer)
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8
Q

Describe tertiary follicles.

A
  • presence of large, fluid filled cavity (antrum)
  • follicular cells differentiate into basal cells/ intermediate cells and granulosa cells
  • development of cumulus oophorus
  • stratification of theca follicularis
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9
Q

How does corpus luteum form?

A

At ovulation > follicle ruptures > corpus hemorrhagicum

  • blood clots form in antruym due to rupture of vessels
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10
Q

What is the structure of tubular organ?

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
    - epithelium
    - lamina propria
  2. Tela submucosa
  3. Tunica muscularis
  4. Tunica serosa/ adventitia
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11
Q

Describe the layers of uterine tube.

A
  1. Tunica mucosa/ sub-mucosa
    - Epithelium: simple to pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    - Ciliated and non ciliated cells (peg-cells)
    - non-ciliated: mucus secreting cells
    - microvilli on both ciliated and non-ciliated cells
  2. Tunica muscularis
    - inner circular/ outer longitudinal
    - thinner cranially and thicker caudally (isthmus)
  3. Tunica serosa
    - Lies within mesoalpinx (extension part of broad ligament)
    - Lies in the abdominal cavity
    - Broad ligament also attaches to these structures
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12
Q

What is 3 structures of uterus ?

A

body (corpus), body (cornua) and cervix

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13
Q

State the 3 layers that the uterus consist of.

A
  1. Endometrium (tunica mucosa/ submucosa)
    - strata functionalis
    - strata basalis
  2. Myometrium (tunica muscularis)
    - inner circular
    - vascular layer
    - outer longitudinal layer
  3. Perimetrium (tunica serosa)
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14
Q

Describe endometrium of uterus.

A
  1. Stratum functionalis (functional zone/ layer)
    - degenerates after pregnancy/ oestrus
    - surface epithelium (simple columnar to pseudostratified )
    - subepithelial part: loose connective tissue, simple coiled tubular uterine glands, growth stimulated by oestrogen
  2. Stratum basalis (basal zone/ layer)
    - persists throughout
    - functional zone restored from this layer (faces luminal side)
    - uterine glands: stimulated by oestrogen > increase the thickness of layer as gland is active
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15
Q

Describe the myometrium of the uterus.

A
  • smooth muscle fibre bundles
  • thick inner layer (circular)
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • vascular layer in between
  • fibres of the out layer extend into broad ligament
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16
Q

Describe the layer of cervix.

A
  1. Tunica mucosa/ submucosa
    - highly folded
    - no uterine glands
    - simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (gland cells/ only embedded on the surface of epithelium/ mucus produced changes depending on the cycle)
    - extensive venous supply
  2. Tunica muscularis
    - very thick inner circular layer (with elastic fibres for pregnancy)
    - less developed outer, longitudinal layer
  3. Tunica serosa
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17
Q

Describe the layer in Vagina/ Vestibule

A
  1. Tunica mucosa/ submucosa
    - stratified squamous epithelium > undergoes cyclic changes
    - lymphoid nodules
    - fold reduce lumen
    - vestibule glands (branched, tubular, mucous glands)
  2. Tunica muscularis
    - 2 layers
    - Inner circular and outer longitudinal
  3. Tunica serosa
    - only present in cranial part
    - mostly retroperitoneal > adventitia
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18
Q

What is mammary gland composed of?

A
  1. glandular tissue
  2. connective tissue septa
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19
Q

Mammary complex structures

A

Alveolus > lobules > lobe

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20
Q

What is the milk pathway in mammary complex structure?

A

Small excretory passages (intralobular ducts) > interlobular ducts > Lactiferous ducts (large milk ducts) > Lactiferous sinus > teat canal

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21
Q

Describe alveolus histologically.

A
  1. secretory part
    - simple cuboidal epithelium
    - columnar when active
  2. myoepithelial cells
    - with contractile properties
    - sits between the actual cell and the basal membrane
    - contraction of myoepithelial cells > milk flow
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22
Q

What is the 3 structures that consist in the teat?

A
  1. teat wall
    - smooth muscle cells (longitudinal and circular; form a sphincter around teat canal
    - network of collagen and elastic fibres
  2. teat sinus
    - bi-layered cuboidal
  3. papillary duct
    - short narrow canal
    - with transition: change to keratinized stratified epithelium
    - longitudinal folds
    - circular smooth muscle > sphincter
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23
Q

State the steps of parental mamogenesis.

A

Mammary ridge > primary mammary bud > Secondary mammary bud > canalization

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24
Q

Describe mammary ridge.

A

mammary ridges are thickened epidermal tissue (mammary crest) that give rise to the mammary gland.

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25
Q

Describe primary mammary bud.

A

The thickened epidermal tissue begins to develop inward and penetrate into the mesenchyme (dermis).

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26
Q

Describe secondary mammary bud.

A

the primary mammary bud begins to send out branches that further penetrate into the dermis.

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27
Q

Describe canalization.

A
  1. Finger-like secondary buds begin to lengthen and branch out.
  2. Finally they begin to form canals or channels (canalisation) that will form the duct system of the gland.
  3. myoepithelial cells surround the terminal portions of the developing gland.
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28
Q

Describe 1st pregnancy

A
  • progesterone affect secretory unit (alveoli)
  • oestrogen affect duct development
  • placenta send out hormone > influence mammary gland
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29
Q

What does each mammary gland consist of?

A

each mammary gland consists of:
1. glandular tissue
2. fatty infiltrates

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30
Q

What does teat consist of?

A
  1. dense connective tissue
  2. smooth muscle (longitudinal)
  3. Vessels and lymphatics
  4. epidermis of teat (hairless and non-glandular)
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31
Q

What makes the teat hold on to milk?

A

Circular muscular ring

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32
Q

What does the udder consist of?

A
  1. lateral lamina
    - fibrous connective tissues arise dorsal laterally to the external inguinal ring, and expand cranially to enfold the entire lateral surfaces of udder.
  2. medial lamina
  3. secondary lamina
    - allows udder to expand
  4. intermammary groove
    - between left and right
    - no groove between front and back
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33
Q

Describe the arterial supply in cow (and mare).

A

External pudendal > cranial mammary a / caudal mammary a. > medial mammary

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34
Q

What is the venous drainage for cow?

A
  1. External pudendal v
  2. Subcutaneous abdominal (milk) vein
  3. Ventral vein (smaller, hind quarter)
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35
Q

Broad ligament is divided into 3 parts:

A
  1. Mesovarium
  2. Mesosalpinx
  3. Mesometrium
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36
Q

Female tract differentiation.
What will the following structure differentiate into?

(i) Urogenital sinus
(ii) caudal portion urogenital sinus
(iii)Genital tubercle
(iv) Urogenital folds

A

(i) caudal vagina
(ii) vestibule
(iii)clitoris (F)/ penis (M)
(iv) labia of vulva (F)

37
Q

Define proper ligament.

A

attaches the uterine end of the ovary to the cranial end of the uterine horn

38
Q

Define suspensory ligament.

A
  • attached cranially to the middle and ventral of the last one or two ribs
  • caudally attaches to ventral aspect of ovary and mesosalpinx, lying between the opening of the ovarian bursa and ascending uterine tube.
39
Q

Define round ligament.

A

attaches the uterus and ovary to the body wall.

40
Q

Define mesovarium.

A

attaches the ovary to the dorsolateral region of the abdominal wall.

41
Q

Define mesosalpinx.

A
  • encloses the ovary in a pouches called ovarian bursa.

-curves around the dorsal and ventrolateral borders of the ovary to attach to the medial surface of the broad ligament just dorsal to the ovary

  • Entire uterine tube, ascending and descending, lies within the peritoneal layers of the mesosalpinx
42
Q

Define mesometrium.

A
  • begins at the cranial edge of the uterine horn and extends caudally to bladder and colon.
43
Q

What is the ruminant ligament that add stability to uterine horn?

A

Cornual ligament

44
Q

Ovary position

A

between kidney and pelvic inlet

45
Q

What is UTJ

A

utero-tubal junction- junction between uterine tube and uterine horn

46
Q

Follicle stages.

A

Primordial follicles > primary follicles > secondary follicle > tertiary follicle (antral follicle) > ovulating follicle > corpus luteum (yellow) > corpus albicans (white)

47
Q

What is the function of vagina?

A
  • female copulatory organ
  • birth canal
  • site of semen deposition (bitch, queen, cow, rabbit & women)
48
Q

What is internal ostium?

A

opening of cervix into body of uterus

49
Q

What is external ostium?

A

opening of cervix into vagina

50
Q

What is fornix

A

spca between protruding cervix and the vaginal wall

51
Q

What is vestibule?

A
  1. continuation of vagina
  2. shorter than vagina
  3. slopes caudo-ventrally
52
Q

What is the function of vulva?

A
  1. copulation
  2. urinary passage
  3. parturition
53
Q

What is clitoris?

A
  1. Female homologue of penis
  2. lies in ventral commissure
  3. consists of: body/ crura/ glans (in clitoral fossa)
54
Q

Lymphatic drainage of female genital tract.
(i) Cranial repro tract:
(ii) caudal repro tract:

A

(i) aortic lymph node + medial iliac lymph node
(ii) medial iliac lymph node + pelvic lymph nodes

55
Q

state the 4 classifications of placentas.

A
  1. Foetal membrane development
  2. Distribution of the placenta
  3. histological structure of maternal-foetal interface
  4. loss of maternal tissue
56
Q

What is blastocoele?

A

empty space in blastocyst

57
Q

state the 3 stages of implantation.

A
  1. Apposition: The blastocyst contacts the implantation site of the endometrium
  2. Adhesion: Trophoblast of the blastocyst attach to the receptive endometrial epithelium
  3. Invasion: Invasive trophoblast cells cross the endometrial epithelial basement membrane and invade the endometrial stroma .
58
Q

what is trophoblast?

A

the outmost layer (like epithelium)

59
Q

what are the 3 layers of cells within the trilaminar embryonic disc? And what structures and tissues will they give rise to?

A
  1. ectoderm (outermost): epidermis of skin/ nervous system
  2. mesoderm (middle layer more than 1 layer): Somatic (bon, muscle and connective tissue)/ Splanchnic (serous membranes, smooth muscles, mesenteries)
  3. endoderm: epithelial lining of GIT, respiratory tract, bladder and urethra
60
Q

Gastrulation.
What is the 2 layers that lateral mesodermal cells split into?

A
  1. somatic mesoderm + ectoderm = somatopleure
  2. splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm = splanchnopleure
61
Q

what is the 4 extraembryonic membranes?

A

splanchnopleure:
1. yolk sac
2. allantois

somatopleure:
3. amnion
4. chorion

62
Q

Describe allantois.

A
  • responsible for the vascularization of the chorion and amnion
  • blood vessels develop in the splanchnic mesoderm layer of allantoic membrane
63
Q

What covers the surface of umbilical cord?

A
  • the amnion covers the surface to the umbilical cord
  • Horse: allantois forms the distal surface of the cord
64
Q

In what species can you find amniotic plaques?

A

horse and cows (ruminant)

65
Q

Describe allantoic fluid.

A
  • contains hippomanes (common in horse, might be present in ruminants and pigs)
66
Q

What does it call when animal has excessive amniotic fluid?

A

hydramnion

67
Q

what is the process of implantation?

A

apposition > adherence > attachment

  • junction complexes prevent the dislodgement of the blastocyst to prevent tissue damage
68
Q

3 implantation classification.

A
  1. centric
  2. eccentric
  3. interstitial
69
Q

What is the 4 distribution of placental zone.

A
  1. Diffuse (horse, pig)
  2. cotyledonary (ewe, cow)
  3. zonary (dog, cat)
  4. discoidal (man, rodent)
70
Q

What is the 3 classification for embryonic membrane

A
  1. epitheliochorial placenta (pig, horse, ruminant)
  2. endotheliochorial placenta (dog, cat)
  3. haemochorial placenta (human, rodent)
71
Q

placental classification: loss of maternal tissue at parturition.

A
  1. deciduate
  2. non-deciduate
  3. partially deciduate
72
Q

Which species have areolae?

A

sow
- chorionic

73
Q

Which specie (s) have microvilli on chorionic surface?

A

pig
cow

74
Q

which specie(s) have microcotyledons?

A

mare (foetal connective tissue)

75
Q

Which specie(s) have crypts?

A

Mare (maternal tissue)

76
Q

what are endometrial cups?

A

endometrial cups are depressions on endometrial surface, overlying hormone producing cells.

77
Q

Which specie(s) have cotyledon?

A

cow

78
Q

What is placentome?

A

Caruncles + cotyledon = placentome

79
Q

What is peripartum period mean?

A

= time before, during, and after giving birth.
Including changes of:
1. foetus body system towards independent survival

  1. foetus positioning towards exit from the body
  2. reproduction system of pregnant animal
  3. parturition
  4. expulsion of foetal membranes
  5. involution of the reproduction tract after parturition
80
Q

Terminology describing the presentation of foetus.

A
  1. longitudinal (anterior/ posterior)
  2. transverse (dorsotransverse/ ventrotransverse)
  3. vertical
81
Q

Terminology describing the position of foetus.

A
  1. dorsal
  2. ventral
  3. left
  4. right
82
Q

Terminology describing the posture of foetus.

A
  1. flexion
    2.extension
83
Q

state the 4 obstetrical operations

A
  1. Re(tro)pulsion (push back)
  2. Rotation (rotating long axis)
  3. Version (rotation transverse axis) posterior or anterior
  4. Extension and adjustment of extremities
84
Q

State the parturition stages.

A
  1. preparation of tract and foetus for delivery
  2. delivery of foetus
  3. expulsion of foetal membranes (placenta expulsion); involution of reproductive tract after parturition
85
Q

What is the 4 main changes of puerperium?

A
  1. uterine involution
  2. Histological changes reversed
  3. Resumption of ovarian function
  4. self defence
86
Q

What is lochia?

A
  • vaginal discharge after giving birth
  • mix of blood, mucus and uterine tissue
  • shouldn’t smell badly
87
Q

what is dystocia?

A
  1. Foetal maldisposition
  2. heredity
  3. management
  4. injur
88
Q

what is post partum?

A
  • it’s the period after parturition including lactation, weaning.

Vets6108* (10 decks)

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