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VMCVM SAM 2 > Feline Neurology > Flashcards

Feline Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Degenerative causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Storage diseases

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2
Q

Anomylous causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Hydrocephalus and Lyssencephaly

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3
Q

Metabolic causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hypoglycemia, Electrolyte Disorders, Polycythemia

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4
Q

Nutritional causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Thiamine Deficiency

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5
Q

Causes of Focal Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Neoplastic: Primary Meningioma or Metastatic
Vascular: Feline ischemic encephalopathy

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6
Q

Immune-mediated, non-infectious causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Polioencephalomyelitis

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7
Q

Infectious causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Viral: FIP**, FeLV?, FIV?
Bacterial
Fungal: Cryptococcus, Toxoplasma

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8
Q

Toxic causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Toxins

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9
Q

Traumatic causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in Felines

A

Hit By Car, Dog Attack

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10
Q

Neoplastic causes of Focal Encephalopathy in Felines

A

Meningioma***

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11
Q

Most likely causes of Generalized Encephalopathies in a 4yo DSH

A

Metabolic: Hepatic Encephalopathy (head pressing and salivating), Hypoglycemia (weak)
Immune-mediated: Polioencephalomyelitis
Infectious: Viral (FIP*) or Fungal (Toxo or Crypto)
Trauma: HBC

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12
Q

How does hydrocephalus present usually?

A

younger cats, 4yo is a bit old for it

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13
Q

How do storage disease usually present?

A

more tremors and ataxia than anything

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14
Q

How do hepatic encephalopathies usually present?

A

Seizures, head-pressing, ptyalism, disorientation, blindness, stupor/coma

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15
Q

How does FIP usually present?

A

Dry form has diffuse neuro signs: dementia, ataxia and CN deficits, Wet form not so much neurologic signs.

Elevated liver enzymes (ALT and ALP), BUN and creatinine, and TP (polyclonal gammopathy)

CSF Neutrophilic pleocytosis and inc. protein

Titers and PCR are useless

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16
Q

What is treatment of FIP?

A

No effective treatment. If you catch early enough, steroids can be palliative against the inflammation.

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17
Q

How does cryptococcus present?

A

Roman Nose. 80% will have respiratory signs. 50% will have cutaneous lesions

DX by capsular antigen test

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18
Q

How do you treat cryptococcus?

A

Amphotericin B + Fluconazole and treat until antigen tests are negative

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19
Q

Prognosis of cryptococcus?

A

Fair to good so keep your head up!

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20
Q

Vascular causes of Focal Encephalopathy in felines

A

Feline ischemic encephalopathy

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21
Q

How do brain tumors present?

A

Focal encephalopathy.
DX by CT or MRI
TX Surgical removal +/- radiation, steroids, and anticonvulsants!

Steroids are great at removing peritumoral edema and reduce CSF production and lower ICP

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22
Q

Median survival time in Cats with meningioma on palliative TX

A

2 months

23
Q

Median survival time in Cats with meningioma on surgical TX

A

26 months – very responsive to surgery and quite an easy procedure too

24
Q

How does FIE present?

A

non-progressive, acute and in the summer most often (possibly associated with cuterebra migration)

DX with CT or MRI
TX Anticonvulsants, if going to use steroids combine with Ivermectin + antihistamines as cuterebra has been implicated

25
Q

Degenerative causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A 
Degenerative myelopathy (progressive, non-painful)
IVDD* Type 1 more than Type 2
26
Q

Anomalous causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

Hemivertebrae, Block vertebrae, Butterfly vertebrae, Spinal Dysraphism (spina bifida)

27
Q

Nutritional causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

Hypervitaminosis A in cats on high liver or liver only diet

28
Q

Neoplastic causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

lymphosarcoma or bone tumors

29
Q

Immune-mediated, non-infectious causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

polioencephalomyelitis

30
Q

Infectious causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

FIP
Meningoencephalitis
Diskospondylitis

31
Q

Traumatic causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

HBC and others

32
Q

Toxic causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

Chronic organophosphate toxicity

33
Q

Vascular causes of Feline Spinal Cord Disease

A

Aortic thromboembolism, FCE

34
Q

How does IVDD usually present?

A

Type 1 acute, painful

35
Q

How does degenerative myelopathy usually present?

A

chronic, non-painful

36
Q

How does diskospondylitis usually present?

A

chronic, progressive, back pain and paraparesis

vertebral endplate lysis*

37
Q

How does spinal neoplasia usually present?

A

osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma more commonly affect the spine than lymphosarcoma

38
Q

How do FCE usually present?

A

acute, initially painful then non-progressive and non-painful. is a non-compressive lesion

39
Q

How does spina bifida (and other anomalous) usually present?

A

Paraparesis, urinary and fecal intcontinence most common.

40
Q

How do you treat spinal cord trauma?

A

high dose methylprednisone followed by lower dose then surgical repair. tail base fractures can be hard to repair

41
Q

How does hypervitaminosis A present?

A

upright sitting posture

42
Q

Anomalous causes of peripheral nerve disease in felines

A 
lots:
Inherited Neuropathy in Birman Cats Hyperchylomicronemia
Hyperoxaluria Type II
GM2 Gangliosidosis
Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
Neiman-Pick Disease
Gylcogen Storage Type II
Muscular Dystrophy
43
Q

Metabolic cause of peripheral nerve disease in cats

A

Diabetic neuropathy from hypoglycemia

44
Q

Neoplastic cause of peripheral nerve disease in cats

A

lymphosarcoma

nerve sheath tumor

45
Q

Infectious cause of peripheral nerve disease in cats

A

toxoplasma

46
Q

Immune cause of peripheral nerve disease in cats

A

Myasthenia gravis

Chronic remitting and relapsing neuropathy

47
Q

Vascular cause of peripheral nerve disease in cats

A

Saddle Thrombus

48
Q

How does diabetic neuropathy present?

A

Plantigrade stance*
Pelvic limb weakness
muscle wasting and decreased reflexes

Improved with diabetic management

49
Q

How does chronic remitting and relapsing neuropathy present?

A

Generalized, progressive, remitting and relapsing, clinical signs appear acutely and often asymmetric. Diffuse muscle atrophy

Inflammatory infiltrates in peripheral nerves

TX with steroids and taper off at about 6-8 months

50
Q

How does myasthenia gravis present?

A

Generalized weakness that presents worse with exercise and resolves with rest
Megaesophagus and CN deficits common
DX with response to edrophonium chloride and finding Ach antibodies
TX with acytelcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppression and thymectomy if thymoma present

51
Q

How does saddle thrombus usually present?

A

Acute, painful on palpation of pelvic limbs, paraparesis and cold limbs that may fail to bleed if cut. Heart disease often concurrent (HCM)
TX: treat heart disease, warm the limbs, Acepromazine for vascular dilation, heparin to prevent thrombus and Butorphanol for pain control

52
Q

Differentials for cats with myopathies

A

Anomalous: Muscular Dystrophy
Metabolic: Hypokalemic myopathy
Infectious: Toxo
Immune-mediated: Polymyositis

53
Q

How does muscular dystrophy usually present?

A

congenital, progressive, non-inflammatory

No treatments.

54
Q

How does hypokalemic myopathy usually present?

A

marked ventroflexion of the head and neck
all ages and breeds can be affected
Generalized weakness, with

TX with potassium oral supplementation. Response to therapy in 2-3 days.
PX excellent

VMCVM SAM 2 (7 decks)

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