Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Feeds > Feeds Exam 2 > Flashcards

Feeds Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following should be supplemented at proper levels to help prevent grass tetany?

A

Magnesium oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following forages will have the greatest reduction in nutritional quality if the stage of maturity at harvest is extended to an additional 30 days?
Sudangrass, Timothy, Alfalfa hay, Vetch, Ryegrass

A

Sudangrass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following forages are both classified as cool-season grasses?

A

Orchardgrass AND Ryegrass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following will result in the lowest percentage of storage losses, assuming conditions for storage of the forage is optimal?

A

Alfalfa harvested at a moisture level of 15% (the one w/ the lowest percentage of moisture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In well-preserved silage, which organic acids will be present at the lowest AND highest concentrations?

A

Propionic acid and Lactic Acid (Lactic= high, Prop & Formic= low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following is a macromineral that will most likely be deficient in pregnant beef cows consuming a diet consisting of 100% corn stover silage?

A

Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following feed ingredients would be best to supplement to beef cattle that are consuming a forage that contains 72% TDN and 24% crude protein (3:1 TDN:CP ratio)
A) Cottonseed meal with TDN= 85%, CP= 40%
B) Distillers dried grains with TDN= 84%, CP= 16%
C) Barley grain with TDN= 88%, CP= 10%

A

B) Distillers dried grains with TDN=84%, CP= 16% (closest to requirements, with the least amount of excess)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which feed ingredient below is classified as a carbonaceous concentrate feedstuff AND has the highest energy concentration?
Wheat grain, Cottonseed meal, Animal fat, Dried bakery product, Corn germ meal

A

Animal Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following forage toxicity problem is associated with the inability of hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen, which results in chocolate-brown-colored blood and death by anoxia

A

Nitrate toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During which stage of production are energy requirements of beef cows the LOWEST
a) breeding to weaning
b) calving to breeding
c) weaning to the start of the last trimester of gestation
d) last trimester of gestation
e) weaning to calving

A

C) weaning to start of last trimester of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following forages are both classified as legumes

A

White clover and Vetch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following is classified as a carbonaceous roughage feedstuff, AND has the lowest TDN concentration

A

Corn stover silage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following is true for feedstuffs classified as carbonaceous roughage?

A

High in energy and high in calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the following factors will have the greatest effect on digestibility of grass hay?

A

Stage of plant maturity prior to harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following are both micro-minerals most likely to be deficient in beef cows grazing forage?

A

Copper and Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following factors will inhibit magnesium absorption from forages to decrease?

A

Low concentrations of calcium, and High concentrations of potassium and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

To successfully store grass forage as hay, the moisture level of the hay must be reduced to approximately ___%.

A

15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following factors will NOT affect protein requirements in beef cows?

A

Cold stress environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following feedstuffs are classified as proteinaceous concentrates?

A

Cottonseed meal AND Canola meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The average body condition score (1-9) of a beef cow should be __ at the time of calving

A

5-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the following is a trace mineral, which if deficient in the diet of beef cows during late gestation will impair passive immune transfer of newborn calves?

A

Selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

From the following list of feeds, identify the feed that has the highest percentage crude protein
A) Vegetable oil
B) Sunflower meal
C) Cane molasses
D) Alfalfa pellets
E) Soyhulls

A

B) Sunflower meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many following forages are class ified as warm-season grasses?

A

D) 6, Tall fescue, Sudangrass, Bermudagrass, Dallisgrass, Smooth bromegrass, Bahiagrass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following forage toxicity problems is cause by “ergot-like” fungus growth in the seedheads of the forage plant

A

Dallisgrass poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which of the following types of soils will likely have the highest storage losses?

A

Horizontal trench silo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

___ is caused by the microbial production of 3-methylindole, and can be prevented by supplementing beef cattle with ___

A

Pulmonary emphysema AND Rumensin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

For beef cows grazing forages, an excess concentration of ___ can have detrimental effects on cows by limiting the absorption of certain trace minerals

A

sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Restricting protein or energy intake of pregnant heifers during the last trimester will most likely be which of the following?

A

Decrease in b.w.s and decrease in dystocia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The digestibility of bermudagrass hay harvested in May (early stage of maturity) will be [higher or lower], and cow forage intake will be [higher or lower] compared to Bermudagrass hay harvested in June (later stage of maturity)

A

Higher and Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Proper application of fertilizer to forage crops will result in which of the following

A

Forage yield will Increase and Forage quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of milk are less from organic dairy farms compared to traditional dairy farms

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F: The maintenance energy requirement for a Brahman beef cow will be 10% lower than the maintenance energy requirement for a Hereford beef cow.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: Providing beef cows with a mineral-vitamin supplement containing recommended levels of calcium

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T/F: Corn stover silage contains a higher concentration of NDF than corn silage

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T/F: The lower critical temperature of a cow with a winter hair coat will be lower compared to a cow with a summer hair coat

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F: Rumensin is a feed additive that has been shown to improve reproductive performance of beef cows

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T/F: The protein requirement for a beef cow producing 35 lb of milk per day will be higher than the protein requirement for a beef cow producing 20 lb of milk per day

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

T/F: The period from calving to weaning in the beef production cycle is classified as a critical period

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T/F: As the TDN to CP ratio of a forage increases, consumption of the forage by beef cows will increase

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T/F: Soybean meal fed at the appropriate levels can be an effective method to prevent nitrate toxicity in beef cows fed hay containing 1 to 1.5% nitrate

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

List two factors that influence the net energy requirements for gestation in beef cattle

A

1) stage of pregnancy
2) number of fetuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The following are descriptions of the various stages of maturity of the corn plant. Fill in the blanks below (i, ii, or iii) to match the appropriate stage of maturity to the following statements
i. 1/3 milk line
ii. 2/3 milk line
iii. black layer (1 milk line)

A

A) Corn silage harvested at the __(iii)___ stage of maturity will have the maximum grain yield.
B) Corn silage harvested at the __(i)__ stage maturity will have the highest moisture content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Briefly describe two strategies that can be used to reduce feeding losses associated with using forage as hay to feed beef cows

A

A)
B) Feed in bunker/round bale feeder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What causes the anaerobic fermentation of ensiled forage in a silo to stop, and how long does the ensiling period last after forage is put into a silo?

A

When the pH reaches 4 and approximately 21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which system requires the least amount of management and labor cost to implement?

A

Continuous grazing system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which system requires that producers have 2 adjoining pastures with different forage quality?

A

Limit grazing system

47
Q

Which system requires the use of temporary fencing (e.g. electric)?

A

Strip grazing system

48
Q

Which system is the best to implement when grazing 2 sets of animals that have differences in nutritional requirements?

A

First-last rotational grazing system

49
Q

List two micro-minerals that are most likely to cause low reproductive rates if deficient in the diet of beef cows

A

Selenium, Zinc

50
Q

Describe two advantages of harvesting and storing forage as silage rather than as hay.

A

Less reliant on weather harvest, less field loss

51
Q

Field losses associated with harvesting forage as hay: Describe one method applied at the time forage is cut that can minimize field losses

A

Mower conditioner- allows for quicker drying due to stem crimping and reduces need for additional raking

52
Q

Field losses associated with harvesting forage as hay: What happens when the moisture concentration of forage is too wet at the time that forage is harvested as hay?

A

It takes longer to dry and increases the risk of rain or weather damage. If it is baled when it is too wet silage is likely to occur and if it is really wet there is an issue of combustion and hay fires.

53
Q

Describe one method applied at the time forage is baled that can minimize field losses

A

At the time it is baled, field losses should be minimal because they should be stacked soon afterward. A preservative like propionic acid could be applied during baling to minimize storage loss and increase shelf stability

54
Q

Circle two forages below that are most commonly associated with prussic acid poison poisoning:
-Dallisgrass
-Johnsongrass
-Sudangrass
-Bahiagrass
-Bermudagrass
-Ryegrass

A

Johnsongrass, Sudangrass

55
Q

Describe two features of anaerobic fermentation that are common to both the rumen and the ensiling process

A

-In the silo, very little propionic acid is produced while a lot is in the rumen
-In the silo, fermentation stops at a pH of 4 while fermentation in the rumen is continuous

56
Q

List two feedstuffs that will likely to be deficient in phosphorus

A

A) grass hay
B) corn stover silage

57
Q

Nitrate toxicity: Which of the following is the correct sequence of reactions that occur in the rumen of cattle that are fed forage with high levels of nitrate

A

Nitrate (NO3-) -> Nitrite (NO2-) -> Ammonia (NH3)

58
Q

Nitrate toxicity: Which of the compounds above is the most toxic to ruminant animals

A

Nitrite (NO2-)

59
Q

Which of the following supplements would be the best to feed to beef cows to help prevent nitrate toxicity

A

Supplements high starch

60
Q

Beef cow maintenance energy requirements. To estimate a beef cow’s net energy requirement for maintenance (Mcal per day), we use the following assumptions. Fill in the correct number for each blank below.
A) To calculate a cow’s base NEm requirement (Mcal/day), the weight of the cow in kg is raised to the ___ power and multiplied by ____
B) A cow’s NEm requirement (computed in the item above is multiplied by a factor of ___ if she is a lactating cow
C) A cow’s NEm requirement (computed in items a and b above) is multiplied by a factor of ___ if she is a dairy breed of Simmental
D) To adjust for cold stress, a cow’s NEm requirement (computed in a,b, and c) is increased by ____% per degree F below a cow’s lower critical temperature (assume no rain or wet conditions)

A

A) To calculate a cow’s base NEm requirement (Mcal/day), the weight of the cow in kg is raised to the __.75__ power and multiplied by __.077__
B) A cow’s NEm requirement (computed in the item above is multiplied by a factor of _1.2__ if she is a lactating cow
C) A cow’s NEm requirement (computed in items a and b above) is multiplied by a factor of __1.2__ if she is a dairy breed of Simmental
D) To adjust for cold stress, a cow’s NEm requirement (computed in a,b, and c) is increased by __1__% per degree F below a cow’s lower critical temperature (assume no rain or wet conditions (21))

61
Q

List two factors that will cause nitrate concentrations to increase in forages

A

Fertilizer, Drought stress

62
Q

You are evaluating the following nutritional program: 500 head of beef cows are continuously grazing a large bermudagrass pasture at the end of the growing season, and the calving season is set to begin in three months. Currently, cows are not provided any supplemental feeds. After recording the body condition scores (BCS) of the cows, you discover that 150 have a score of 4 or less, 200 have BCS of 5, and the other 150 cows have a score of 6 or more. A chemical analysis reveals that the forage has TDN= 60% and CP= 6% (DM basis)
A) Explain in detail 2 potential problems that will likely occur in the next 6 months if the current feeding program is continued.
B) Briefly describe two management options that you could implement in the next 3 months that will improve the feeding program to avoid the potential problems you described above

A

A) 1:High incidence of dystocia- both very fat and very little cows are at a higher risk of having problems at the time of calving. This can be due to increased BW or not meeting nutrient requirements
2: Lower reproductive success- longer calving interval, lower pregnancy rates, less calf growth due to limited lactation
B) 1: First-last grazing- divide the pastures and allow the thin cows first access, followed by the BCS 5, and then the fat cows. You may have to reevaluate the herd as time goes on to make sure they are not getting too fat or too thin.
2: Supplement- The thin cows may need some extra supplements as the quality of the pasture decreases at the end of the growing season. Even though the forage is within the cows TDN:CP ratio . This supplement could be one like Nutrena’s NutreBeef. This will allow them to maintain their body weight and even gain where needed.

63
Q

It is commonly perceived that livestock animals used to produce meat and milk compete with humans for food. Briefly explain why this is usually not the case, especially for ruminant animals.

A

Ruminants can utilize low-quality forages that are high in fiber, low in CP, and energy, that humans can’t, and turn it into high-quality, high protein and milk that humans can consume. There is also a lot of land that is not suitable to grow high-quality forages, but cows, sheep, and other ruminants can use these low-quality fields and through fermentation produce products for human consumption.

64
Q

Which of the following cereal grains will have the highest crude fiber concentrations and lowest metabolizable energy value?

A

Oat grain

65
Q

Which of the following are both forages associated with prussic acid poisoning?

A

Johnsongrass AND Sudangrass

66
Q

What are the Warm-season grasses?

A

-Indiangrass
-Switchgrass
- Side-oats gramma
-Buffalo Grass
-Dallisgrass
-Bahiagrass
- Kleingrass
-Johnsongrass
-Forage sorghum
-Sudangrass
-Crabgrass
- Pearl millet
-Sorghum-sudan hybrids

67
Q

What are the cool-season grasses?

A

-Timothy
-Kentucky Bluegrass
-Smooth bromegrass
-Orchardgrass
-Tall fescue
-Ryegrass
-Wheatgrass
-Oats
-Barley
-Triticale

68
Q

Which forages are legumes? (only have to know legumes not cold/warm season)

A

Warm Season:
-Peanut
-Kudzu
-Lespedeza
-Cowpea
-Alyce clover
Cool Season:
-Alfalfa
-Red clover
-White clover
-Alsike clover
-Birdsfoot trefoil
-Arrowleaf clover
-Crimson clover
-Subterranean clover
-Vetch
-Winter pea

69
Q

For which of the following forage toxicity problems is 3-methylindole the causative agent?

A

Pulmonary emphysemia

70
Q

Which of the following macrominerals is most likely to be deficient in beef cows grazing bahiagrass pasture?

A

Phosphorus

71
Q

Which of the following is a nutrient deficiency that when imposed during late gestation will sometimes cause weak-calf or dummy-calf syndrome?

A

Protein

72
Q

Tall fescue hay harvested at an earlier stage of maturity will be [higher or lower] in neutral detergent fiber, and [higher or lower] in crude protein than tall fescue hay harvested at a later stage of maturity.

A

Lower, Higher

73
Q

It is recommended that body condition score [1-9] of beef cows be ___ at calving

A

5-6

74
Q

Which of the following methods of harvesting alfalfa would result in the highest percentage of field losses?

A

Alfalfa harvested at a moisture level of 15% (the lowest percentage)

75
Q

During the ensiling process, ____ acid is the first acid that will be produced, and ____ acid is the most abundant acid produced

A

Acetic and Lactic

76
Q

Feedstuffs classified as carbonaceous concentrates will likely be deficient in which of the following macrominerals?

A

Calcium

77
Q

Which of the following nutrient deficiencies, when imposed during late gestation, will likely cause passive immunity to be impaired?

A

Selenium

78
Q

To maximize forage quality you should harvest alfalfa at the ____ stage, and to maximize forage quantity you should harvest alfalfa at the ___ stage.

A

Prebud, full bloom

79
Q

Which of the following forage toxicity problems is associated with the inability of hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen thus causing death in cattle by anoxia?

A

Nitrate toxicity

80
Q

During which stage of production are the energy requirements of beef cows the lowest?

A

Weaning to start of last trimester of gestation

81
Q

Which of the following is classified as a carbonaceous roughage feedstuff, AND has the highest TDN concentration?

A

Corn silage

82
Q

Which of the following is (are) true for feedstuffs classified as carbonaceous concentrates?

A

Low in calcium AND high in energy

83
Q

Which of the following factors will have the greatest affect on digestibility of grass hay?

A

Stage of plant maturity prior to harvest

84
Q

In ruminant animals, the microbial protein synthesized from urea will be digested in and absorbed from the ___

A

Small intestine

85
Q

Maintenance energy requirements would be ___% higher for a 1200 lb lactating Holstein cow compared to a 1200 lb Angus cow

A

20%

86
Q

In the production of beef in the US, market animals (steers and heifers from weaning to harvest) use ___% of the total feed energy

A

30%

87
Q

Which of the following combination of vitamins do NOT need to be supplemented to beef cows consuming forages?

A

Riboflavin and Vitamin K

88
Q

Which of the following is a proteinaceous concentrate with the best protein quality (blend of essential amino acids)?

A

Soybean Meal

89
Q

Which of the following feedstuffs are classified as proteinaceous concentrates?

A

Cottonseed meal and Canola meal

90
Q

Which of the following factors will NOT affect protein requirements in beef cows

A

Cold stress environmental condition

91
Q

Which of the following feedstuffs are classified as proteinaceous roughages?

A

Red clover hay AND Vetch hay

92
Q

Which of the following is true for feedstuffs classified as proteinaceous roughages?

A

High in neutral detergent fiber and low in energy

93
Q

Which of the following trace minerals are most likely deficient in Texas forages?

A

Zinc and copper

94
Q

Which of the following forage toxicity problems is associated with the inability of hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen thus causing death in cattle by anoxia?

A

Nitrate toxicity

95
Q

T/F: Limiting the protein intake of pregnant heifers to less than their requirements during the last trimester of gestation will help reduce calving difficulty at birth

A

False

96
Q

T/F: Corn stover silage is classified as a proteinaceous roughage

A

False

97
Q

T/F: Applying propionic acid to forage at the time hay is baled will allow the forage to be harvested at a higher moisture concentration

A

True

98
Q

T/F: Forage containing up to 2% nitrate (DM basis) can be safely fed to cows if proper guidelines are followed

A

False

99
Q

T/F: The protein requirement for an Angus cow producing 35lb of milk per day will be similar to the protein requirement for an Angus cow producing 20lb of milk per day

A

True

100
Q

T/F: If the sulfur concentration of forage is too high it can impair the absorption of copper

A

True

101
Q

T/F: Warm-season grasses are typically lower in digestibility than cool-season grasses

A

True

102
Q

T/F: Warm-season grasses are typically lower in digestibility than cool-season grasses

A

True

103
Q

T/F: To prevent urea toxicity, feedlot cattle fed a diet containing 15% total crude protein should not be provided a source of non-protein nitrogen that exceeds 5% crude protein equivalence

A

True

104
Q

T/F: Body condition score is a useful management tool to asses a cow’s protein status

A

False

105
Q

T/F: The NEg requirement for a 500 lb small-frame steer gaining 2 lb per day would be higher than the requirement for a 500 lb medium-frame steer gaining 2 lb per day.

A

True

106
Q

Forages for beef cows:
A) List a commonly grazed cool-season grass forage
B) List a commonly grazed warm-season grass forage
C) List a commonly grazed legume forage
D) In harvesting these forages as hay, which forage would exhibit the most reduction in nutritional quality if the harvest were delayed an extra 30 days?

A

A) wheatgrass
B) bermudagrass
C) alfalfa
D) bermudagrass (warm-season grass)

107
Q

Maintenance Energy Requirements:
A) Of the total annual feed energy budget needed to produce beef, [30, 50, or 70] is needed to meet the cow’s energy requirements for maintenance
B) List 3 factors that will cause maintenance energy requirements of beef cows to change, and indicate how the factor will cause maintenance requirements to increase or decrease

A

A) 50%
B) Lactation: increase
Cold temperatures: increase
Body Weight: increases with higher BW

108
Q

Microbial Fermentation:
A) The average length of the ensiling process of wet forage material in the silo is [3 weeks, 8 weeks, or 3 months]
B) What causes the ensiling process in a silo to stop?
C) For each of the following attributes of anaerobic microbial fermentation, indicate whether it occurs in the rumen or in the silo:
-Higher concentration of lactic acid produced
-Continual growth of anaerobic bacteria
-The pH remains more constant
-Lower concentration of propionic acid produced

A

A) 3 weeks
B) Once the pH reaches 4
C) Higher concentration of lactic acid produced: Silo
Continual growth of anaerobic bacteria: Rumen
The pH remains more constant: Rumen
Lower concentration of propionic acid produced: Silo

109
Q

What is used to treat Pulmonary emphysema

A

Rumensin (ionophore)

110
Q

What is used to treat cows with grass tetany

A

Magnesium

111
Q

What is used to treat cows with Nitrate toxicity

A

grain

112
Q

What is used to treat cows with Dallisgrass toxicity

A

Shred the top part of the forage plant

113
Q

Briefly describe two strategies that can be used to reduce feeding losses of forage harvested hay

A

Type of hay ring used- use one that holds more hay in
Put hay in area where hay will stay dry

114
Q

Describe 2 disadvantages to harvesting alfalfa as silage compared to hay

A

Silage is harder to market, harvesting equipment is more expensive

Feeds (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions