BIOL 112 Exam 2 Flashcards
What are prions?
Misfolded versions of normal proteins that can cause disease
Which of the following phylum of fungi possess flagellated spores?
Chytridiomycota
In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of a bacterium?
Nucleoid
Which of the following characteristics is typical of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
A large number of phages are released at a time
Most fungi are
Saprobes
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium___.
cells infect the human liver cells
Many bacteria can form sex pilus which pulls two bacteria together for DNA transferring during ____.
Conjugation
Which of the following processes can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans?
Getting vaccinated to certain viruses
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
Lack of nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome
Euglenozoans have flagella with crystal rods. Euglenozoans belong to which eukaryotic supergroup?
Excavata
Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95°C. Predict the group to which this microbe most likely belongs.
Archaea
______ hyphae are not separated by septa (cross walls) and contain many nuclei.
Coenocytic
All protists are ___.
Eukaryotic
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ___.
Results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells
____ is an important group of protists that produce ____, which is used as a commercial food thickener.
Kelp; Algin
A prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source is a ____.
Chemohetertroph
In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the ___.
The rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat
Which of the following processes can viruses carry out?
They can use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins
Which of the following is a multinucleate green algae?
Caulerpa
_____ is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that lives in symbiotic relationships in the roots of legumes
Rhizobium
The plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans was introduced to Europe in the 1840s and caused the devastating loss of a staple crop, resulting in the Irish potato famine. It belongs to which group of Stramenopiles?
Oomycetes
Which structure in Apicomplexans helps them enter host cells
Apical complex
A seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
Brown
A host range of a virus is determined by ___.
The proteins on its surface and the receptors on the surface of the host cell.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage?
The phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome where it is replicated along with the host genome
Threadlike pseudopodia that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of ______
Foramifera
____ is a specialized hyphae present in parasitic fungi that penetrates the cell wall of the host plant without killing the cell.
Haustoria
Dead Sea is a hypersaline basin that has ten times higher salt concentration than that of seawater. What sort of prokaryotes will you find in the Dead Sea?
Halophiles
A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of
Foraminiferans
____ gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi?
Chitin
Yeasts are _____ fungi
Unicellular
Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?
Chlorararchniophytes
_____ is a process by which ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
Ammonification
In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be a part of which structures?
Plasmids, nucleoids, and endospores
The mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi is known as ___.
Mycorrhizae
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
Viruses use the host cells’ machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some human viruses require a type of replication that humans do not normally have. For example, humans normally do not have the ability to convert RNA to DNA. How can these types of viruses infect humans, when human cells cannot perform a particular role that the virus requires?
The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not found in the host cells
You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?
It has specailized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts and produces oxygen
Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does NOT involve symbiosis?
Decomposer
Which fungus causes ergot, a disease of cereal crops (especially of rye)?
Claviceps purpurpea
What is the primary source of energy in prokaryotes?
Sunlight
In photosynthesis, carbon fixation refers to the process of converting:
Carbon dioxide into glucose
Reduced mitochondria are found in what kind of protists?
Excavates
What is the name of the bacteria that has reduced mitochondria (genus)?
Mycoplasma
Which of the following is an example of cellular organization in green algae?
Both single-celled and multicellular
What is the function of pili in bacteria?
Attachment to surfaces
Which cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome?
Lysogenic cycle
Prions are infectious agents primarily composed of
Proteins
What are the structures found in bacteria that contain DNA and can be transferred between cells?
Plasmids
Endospores are a form of bacterial survival structures that are resistant to
Antibiotics, Desiccation (drying out), UV radiation
What structures in bacteria help them adhere to other surfaces or cells?
Pili
Why is the attachment of a virus dependent on a host?
Viruses cannot move on their own
Which of the following is a characteristic of red algae?
Accessory pigments include phycoerythrin
What is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall?
Chitin
What is the purpose of gram staining in microbiology?
To classify bacteria into two groups based on cell wall structure
Which viruses have higher rates of mutation?
RNA viruses
Which type of protist is known to produce light?
Dinoflagellates
What structures contain DNA in a bacterial cell?
Nucleiods
Who conducted the famous experiment that showed the transformation of non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria?
Frederick Griffith
Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material between
Organisms of different species
What is the primary purpose of the nitrogen cycle?
To recycle nitrogen in ecosystems?
What is the key difference between vertical and horizontal gene transfer in plants?
Vertical is sexual reproduction, while horizontal asexual
Which type of bacteria produces endotoxin, and what is it made of?
Gram-negative bacteria; lipopolysaccharides
What are the unique characteristics of archaea bacteria?
They lack a nucleus and are primarily unicellular
Which of the viruses have higher rates of mutation?
RNA viruses
How do vaccines prevent viral infections?
By introducing harmless viral components to stimulate immunity
What is the key difference between plasmids and DNA in the nucleoid?
Plasmids are circular DNA structures, while nucleoid DNA is linear
In the endosymbiotic theory, which organelles are believed to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of retroviruses, such as HIV?
They replicate using reverse transcriptase
