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BIOL 112 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are prions?

A

Misfolded versions of normal proteins that can cause disease

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2
Q

Which of the following phylum of fungi possess flagellated spores?

A

Chytridiomycota

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3
Q

In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of a bacterium?

A

Nucleoid

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4
Q

Which of the following characteristics is typical of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

A

A large number of phages are released at a time

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5
Q

Most fungi are

A

Saprobes

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6
Q

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium___.

A

cells infect the human liver cells

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7
Q

Many bacteria can form sex pilus which pulls two bacteria together for DNA transferring during ____.

A

Conjugation

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8
Q

Which of the following processes can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans?

A

Getting vaccinated to certain viruses

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9
Q

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

A

Lack of nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome

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10
Q

Euglenozoans have flagella with crystal rods. Euglenozoans belong to which eukaryotic supergroup?

A

Excavata

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11
Q

Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95°C. Predict the group to which this microbe most likely belongs.

A

Archaea

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12
Q

______ hyphae are not separated by septa (cross walls) and contain many nuclei.

A

Coenocytic

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13
Q

All protists are ___.

A

Eukaryotic

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14
Q

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ___.

A

Results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

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15
Q

____ is an important group of protists that produce ____, which is used as a commercial food thickener.

A

Kelp; Algin

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16
Q

A prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source is a ____.

A

Chemohetertroph

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17
Q

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the ___.

A

The rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat

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18
Q

Which of the following processes can viruses carry out?

A

They can use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins

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19
Q

Which of the following is a multinucleate green algae?

A

Caulerpa

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20
Q

_____ is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that lives in symbiotic relationships in the roots of legumes

A

Rhizobium

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21
Q

The plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans was introduced to Europe in the 1840s and caused the devastating loss of a staple crop, resulting in the Irish potato famine. It belongs to which group of Stramenopiles?

A

Oomycetes

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22
Q

Which structure in Apicomplexans helps them enter host cells

A

Apical complex

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23
Q

A seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?

A

Brown

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24
Q

A host range of a virus is determined by ___.

A

The proteins on its surface and the receptors on the surface of the host cell.

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25
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage?

A

The phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome where it is replicated along with the host genome

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26
Q

Threadlike pseudopodia that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of ______

A

Foramifera

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27
Q

____ is a specialized hyphae present in parasitic fungi that penetrates the cell wall of the host plant without killing the cell.

A

Haustoria

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28
Q

Dead Sea is a hypersaline basin that has ten times higher salt concentration than that of seawater. What sort of prokaryotes will you find in the Dead Sea?

A

Halophiles

29
Q

A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of

A

Foraminiferans

30
Q

____ gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi?

A

Chitin

31
Q

Yeasts are _____ fungi

A

Unicellular

32
Q

Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?

A

Chlorararchniophytes

33
Q

_____ is a process by which ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

A

Ammonification

34
Q

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be a part of which structures?

A

Plasmids, nucleoids, and endospores

35
Q

The mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi is known as ___.

A

Mycorrhizae

36
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

A

It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

37
Q

Viruses use the host cells’ machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some human viruses require a type of replication that humans do not normally have. For example, humans normally do not have the ability to convert RNA to DNA. How can these types of viruses infect humans, when human cells cannot perform a particular role that the virus requires?

A

The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not found in the host cells

38
Q

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?

A

It has specailized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts and produces oxygen

39
Q

Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does NOT involve symbiosis?

A

Decomposer

40
Q

Which fungus causes ergot, a disease of cereal crops (especially of rye)?

A

Claviceps purpurpea

41
Q

What is the primary source of energy in prokaryotes?

A

Sunlight

42
Q

In photosynthesis, carbon fixation refers to the process of converting:

A

Carbon dioxide into glucose

43
Q

Reduced mitochondria are found in what kind of protists?

A

Excavates

44
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that has reduced mitochondria (genus)?

A

Mycoplasma

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of cellular organization in green algae?

A

Both single-celled and multicellular

46
Q

What is the function of pili in bacteria?

A

Attachment to surfaces

47
Q

Which cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome?

A

Lysogenic cycle

48
Q

Prions are infectious agents primarily composed of

A

Proteins

49
Q

What are the structures found in bacteria that contain DNA and can be transferred between cells?

A

Plasmids

50
Q

Endospores are a form of bacterial survival structures that are resistant to

A

Antibiotics, Desiccation (drying out), UV radiation

51
Q

What structures in bacteria help them adhere to other surfaces or cells?

A

Pili

52
Q

Why is the attachment of a virus dependent on a host?

A

Viruses cannot move on their own

53
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of red algae?

A

Accessory pigments include phycoerythrin

54
Q

What is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall?

A

Chitin

55
Q

What is the purpose of gram staining in microbiology?

A

To classify bacteria into two groups based on cell wall structure

56
Q

Which viruses have higher rates of mutation?

A

RNA viruses

57
Q

Which type of protist is known to produce light?

A

Dinoflagellates

58
Q

What structures contain DNA in a bacterial cell?

A

Nucleiods

59
Q

Who conducted the famous experiment that showed the transformation of non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria?

A

Frederick Griffith

60
Q

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material between

A

Organisms of different species

61
Q

What is the primary purpose of the nitrogen cycle?

A

To recycle nitrogen in ecosystems?

62
Q

What is the key difference between vertical and horizontal gene transfer in plants?

A

Vertical is sexual reproduction, while horizontal asexual

63
Q

Which type of bacteria produces endotoxin, and what is it made of?

A

Gram-negative bacteria; lipopolysaccharides

64
Q

What are the unique characteristics of archaea bacteria?

A

They lack a nucleus and are primarily unicellular

65
Q

Which of the viruses have higher rates of mutation?

A

RNA viruses

66
Q

How do vaccines prevent viral infections?

A

By introducing harmless viral components to stimulate immunity

67
Q

What is the key difference between plasmids and DNA in the nucleoid?

A

Plasmids are circular DNA structures, while nucleoid DNA is linear

68
Q

In the endosymbiotic theory, which organelles are believed to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

69
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of retroviruses, such as HIV?

A

They replicate using reverse transcriptase

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