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AHW semester 1 > Feeding animals and energy > Flashcards

Feeding animals and energy Flashcards

1
Q

Why do animals need food?

A
  • for building and maintaining cellular and metabolic machinery
  • growth, reproduction and lactation
  • energy
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2
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation or the maintenance of life processes

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3
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrient?

A
  • Water
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrate
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Inorganic elements
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4
Q

For feeds, vets need to be able to give advice on…?

A
  • cost
  • choice
  • interaction, observation
  • storage
  • vet prescription diets
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5
Q

How is a carnivore adapted for its diet?

A
  • Grasping canines, cutting carnassial and powerful bite
  • monogastric digestive system
  • stomach conducts physical and chemical digestion
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6
Q

What is the feeding pattern of ruminants?

A

1/3 of grazing, ruminating and resting

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7
Q

What do herbivores need to be adapted to digesting a lot of?

A

Fibre - B-linked polysaccharide

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8
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Breakdown of material by microbes

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9
Q

What are the 3 biggest products from the rumen bacteria?

A

Volatile fatty acids, methane and CO2

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10
Q

What is the result of rapidly fermentable feeds?

A

Excess VFA synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the process of chewing the cud

A
  • regurgitate bolus to mouth
  • fluid component re-swallowed
  • fibrous component masticated 40-70 times
  • mechanical breakdown, increase SA, increase saliva
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12
Q

Which 3 components make up the hind gut?

A

Caecum, large intestine and colon

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13
Q

What are the advantages to rumen fermentation?

A
  • better fibre digestion
  • better absorption of VFA’s
  • Utilise microbial protein
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14
Q

What is the main advantage of a hind gut fermenter?

A
  • Enables animals to utilise otherwise non-accessible nutrients from forage feeds after absorption
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15
Q

How can you evaluate digestion (absorption) of a food stuff?

A

Compare the quantity of nutrients ingested with the quantity of those same nutrients excreted in faeces

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16
Q

What is the problem with evaluating digestion?

A

Faeces also contain gut cells, bacteria, enzymes, this causes an underestimation of actual food nutrient absorption

17
Q

What factors affect digestibility?

A
  1. Animal factors - species, plane of nutrition/gut transit time
  2. Food factors - fibre content
  3. Feed preparation factors - heat treatments, cold treatments, chemical treatments
18
Q

What is fresh weight and dry matter?

A

Fresh weight = mass given to animal

Dry matter = mass with all water molecules removed

19
Q

Compare anabolic and catabolic reactions

A 
Anabolic = require energy, end products are complex
Catabolic = produce and generate energy, larger molecules are broken down
20
Q

When is an animal said to be in a total energy balance?

A

When total energy provision = total energy needs

21
Q

If energy provision > energy needs what happens?

A

Positive energy balance - stores energy

22
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree

23
Q

What is metabolizable energy? and what is it affected by?

A

The energy assimilated by the animal and available to fuel metabolism

  • animal factors
  • factors that affect digestibility
  • methane losses
  • protein intake
  • nitrogen balance
  • feeding levels
  • food preparation
24
Q

What is meant by the heat increment of feeding? give examples

A

Digesting food takes energy - the specific dynamic action of feeding

  • prehension and mastication
  • increased gut contraction
  • increased production and release of digestive enzymes
  • catabolism of nutrients
  • absorption across the gut wall
25
Q

What is net energy and how is it calculated?

A
  • The energy available to the animal when the costs of digestion, metabolism, and wastage have been accounted for
  • thermic energy must be subtracted from ME
26
Q

When measuring basal metabolic rate how must an animal be? What is used to measure it?

A
  • not moving
  • not stressed
  • within the thermal neutral zone
  • post absorptive state
  • a direct or indirect calorimeter

AHW semester 1 (4 decks)

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