Febrile convulsion

Question 1

Febrile convulsion

Answer 1

seizures that occur in young children as a result of a high fever, usually caused by an infection.

Question 2

Classifications

Answer 2

classified into two types:

A). Simple febrile convulsions:
These are the most common type

1)- last for a few minutes 5-15min
2)- Generalized tonic clonic convulsions .
3)- lose consciousness.
4)- Usually 1 convulsive fit Short postictal stupor
5)- family hx of Febrile convulsions.

• may have a change in breathing pattern. After the convulsion, the child usually recovers without any lingering effects.

B) Complex febrile convulsions:
These are less common

1)- last longer >15 min.
2)- They may involve only one side of the body or recur within a short period.
3)- may be associated with a higher risk of future seizures or other neurological issues.
4)- Recurrent during the same illness , prolonged postictal stupor
5)- family hx of epilepsy

Question 3

Trigger factors

Answer 3

URTI
Otitis media
UTI
GE
Meningitis
Roseola

Febrile convulsions are often triggered by common infections in children. Some of the infections that can lead to febrile convulsions include:
1. Upper respiratory infections: Infections such as the common cold, influenza (flu), or sinusitis can cause fevers that may trigger convulsions in susceptible children.
2. Ear infections: Otitis media, an infection of the middle ear, is a common childhood infection that can be accompanied by high fever and potentially lead to febrile convulsions.
3. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Bacterial infections in the urinary tract, such as bladder infections or kidney infections, can cause fevers that may trigger convulsions in some children.
4. Gastroenteritis: Viral or bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, often referred to as stomach flu or gastroenteritis, can cause fevers and may be associated with febrile convulsions.
5. Roseola: Roseola, also known as sixth disease or exanthema subitum, is a viral infection characterized by high fever followed by a rash. Febrile convulsions can occur during the fever phase of this illness.
6. Meningitis: While less common, bacterial or viral meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) can cause high fevers and, in some cases, febrile convulsions.

Question 4

Evaluations

Answer 4

1)- medical history,
2)- physical examination.
3)- tests.

Tests:

1. Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) can help identify signs of infection or inflammation. Blood cultures may be taken to check for bacterial infection. Additionally, electrolyte levels and markers of organ function may be assessed.
2. Lumbar puncture: If there is suspicion of meningitis or other central nervous system infection, a lumbar puncture (also known as a spinal tap) may be performed. This involves inserting a needle into the lower back to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.
3. Urine analysis and culture: A urine sample may be collected to check for signs of urinary tract infection
   (UTI) or other abnormalities.
4. Imaging studies: In certain cases, imaging studies such as a cranial ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be ordered to evaluate the brain for structural abnormalities or other conditions.
5. Electroencephalogram (EEG): An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain and may be used to evaluate for any abnormal brain wave patterns that may suggest an underlying seizure disorder.

Question 5

Management

Answer 5

1. During the convulsion:
   - Stay calm and try to keep the child safe. Gently place the child on their side to prevent choking and protect them from nearby objects.

• Do not restrain the child’s movements or put anything in their mouth during the convulsion.

• Time the duration of the convulsion. If it lasts longer than five minutes or if there are repeated seizures without full recovery in between, seek immediate medical help.

2. Lowering the fever:
   • Remove excess clothing and blankets to help cool the child down.
   • Use lukewarm water or apply cool compresses to the forehead or neck to help reduce the fever.
   Avoid using cold water or alcohol rubs, as they can cause shivering and may increase the body temperature.
   • Administer fever-reducing medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen following the appropriate dosage guidelines for the child’s age and weight. Consult a healthcare professional for guidance on medication usage.
3. Treating the underlying cause:
   o If an infection is identified as the cause of the fever and febrile convulsion, the healthcare professional may prescribe antibiotics or antiviral medications, if necessary.
   • Follow the prescribed treatment regimen and complete the full course of medication as directed.