features of science

Question 1

What is needed:

Answer 1

• empirical methods
• objectivity
• replicability
• theory construction
• hypothesis testing
• falsifiability
• one dominant paradigm

Question 2

empirical methods:

Answer 2

methods which collect data through direct observation and/or sensory experience

Question 3

objectivity:

Answer 3

A lack of subjective interpretation, a way of dealing with facts which does not rely on opinion.

Question 4

replicability:

Answer 4

being able to repeat to check for consistency

Question 5

theory construction:

Answer 5

a theory is a set of general laws or principles that have the ability to explain events or behaviours.

Theory construction occurs through gathering evidence via direct observation.

Question 6

hypothesis testing:

Answer 6

It should also be possible to make clear and precise
predictions on the basis of the theory.

These predictions need to be scientifically tested.

Question 7

falsifiability:

Answer 7

the ability for a statement/theory to be shown to be false

Question 8

paradigm:

Answer 8

• A way of thinking, a school of thought.
• A discipline needs to have one paradigm which is
  shared by all practitioners in order to be
  considered scientific
• When the one dominant paradigm changes, it is
  known as a paradigm shift.

Question 9

Inductive model:

Answer 9

• specific to general
• making broad generalisations and theories from specific observations, then drawing conclusions from evidence

Construction: observation, hypothesis, test it, conclusion and theory

Question 10

deduction:

Answer 10

• general to specific
• finding evidence to support or disprove conclusions

construction: observation, theory, hypothesis, test it and prove/disprove theory