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Neuroscience Final Exam > FE: Lecture 10 Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

FE: Lecture 10 Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

grey matter- folded sheets of cortex

white matter- extrinsic- thalamocortical and corticospinal tracts

intrinsic- inter and intrahemispheric connections (ex. corpus callosum)

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2
Q

How many layers is the cerebral cortex comprised of?

A

3-6 layers

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3
Q

What is in the first layer of cerebral cortex?

A

only dendrites and axons

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4
Q

What are the 2-3 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

allocortex/ archicortex

ex. hippocampus

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5
Q

What are the 4-5 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

periallocortex- olfactory, piriform and some of cingulate, parahippocampal cortex

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6
Q

What is all 6 layers of cerebral cortex?

A

Neocortex/ Isocortex- almost all cortex

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7
Q

What is the layer structure according to Brodmann?

A

pyramidal layers- 3,5

granular cell layers- 2 and 4

fusiform layer 6

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8
Q

Why does BA 4 have a very large layer 5?

A

because this is where the corticospinal tract originates from

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9
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 1,2,3 for?

A

somatosensory sensation

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10
Q

What is BA 4?

A

motor cortex for fine motor control

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11
Q

What is BA 17?

A

visual cortex for conscious visual sensation

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12
Q

What is BA 41?

A

auditory cortex for auditory sensation

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13
Q

What is the major difference from human brains to all other types of brains?

A

size of the brain and the amount of cortex/gyri

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14
Q

What area is larger in humans than any other species?

A

association cortex

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15
Q

What is BA 6, 8, 9?

A

premotor, anterior to primary motor

damage to this area will result in bilateral loss of motor planning or delayed responses

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16
Q

What are BA 44, 45, 22?

A

language

speech 44, 45

understanding 22

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17
Q

What two gyri comprise BA 45, 44, 22?

A

inferior frontal (Broca’s) , superior temporal gyri (Wernike’s)

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18
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

loss of language- speaking and writing

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19
Q

What is Wernike’s aphasia?

A

loss of understanding language- cant listen or read

20
Q

What does it mean that speech area is hemisphere dominant?

A

right handed people tend to be left side speech dominant (90%)

left handed people (40-80%) right side speech dominant

21
Q

What are characteristics of Broca’s area?

A

halting speech, repeating words, disordered speech, comprehension intact

22
Q

What are characteristics of Wernike’s aphasia?

A

fluent speech, weird/ inappropriate words, comprehension not intact

23
Q

What are BA 5-7?

A

dorsal parietal association cortex, superior parietal lobule

major cause from damage is agnosia or “not knowing”

24
Q

What are two specific agnosia’s?

A

object- astereognosis- inability to distinguish specific objects by touch

asomatognoisa- part of your body is not you, arm and finger

25
Q

What are BA 19, 37, 20?

A

occipital and temporal association

damage leads to visual agnosia

26
Q

What are two types of visual agnosia?

A

simultanagnosia- “book covering light bulb”

prosopagnosia- face recognition

27
Q

What are BA 39, 40?

A

lateral parietal association cortex

knowing the existence of the world and everything in it

damage leads to contralateral neglect- can’t attend to contralateral vision field

if damage is on left side of brain stand on left side

28
Q

What are the BA associated with me?

A

8, 9, 10, 46 and maybe 11 and 12 more recently 24 and 32

29
Q

Where are all these areas?

A

prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex

30
Q

What are the functions of all these areas?

A

executive function- right from wrong, better from best etc.

prediction of outcomes of actions

social suppression of urges

emotions and affect

31
Q

What is a frontal lobotomy?

A

damaging prefrontal cortex which will get rid of one’s personaility

32
Q

What are four major regions of limbic lobe?

A

cingulate cortex, hippocampus (parahippocampal gyrus), piriform (olfactory cortex), orbitofrontal

33
Q

Why is the limbic lobe sometimes called the smell brain?

A

because sense of smell ends in amgydala and piriform cortex

34
Q

What is the route of sense of smell?

A
  1. olfactory epithelium
  2. olfactory bulb
  3. olfactory tract
  4. anterior commissure
  5. amygdala and piriform cortex
35
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

limbic lobe plus :

  1. cingulum bundle
  2. fornix
  3. mammilary bodies
  4. anterior thalamus- internal capsule

damage affects emotion

36
Q

More recently what is considered part of the limbic system?

A

mediodorsal nucleus, hypothalamus nuclei, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, raphe, insula, medial prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What are the three types of memory associated with limbic lobe?

A
  1. declarative- explicit
  2. procedural- implicit
  3. emotional
38
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

lecture exam material- fact based short and long term

in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, mammillary and anterior thalamus

39
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

clinical practice exam memory- skilled movements

in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia

40
Q

What is emotional memory?

A

what happens if I don’t study this weekend

in amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex

41
Q

What are the output centers of the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamic tract, controls pituitary gland - endocrine system

controls ANS, maintain homeostasis

42
Q

What does the anterior and posterior stimulation elicit?

A

anterior- parasympathetic

posterior- sympathetic

damage leads to opposite stimulation

43
Q

What are the four F’s of the hypothalamus?

A

feeding, fighting, fleeing and fucking

44
Q

What are the two feeding disorders?

A
  1. hyperphagia- eat more damage to medial hypothalamus

2. aphagia- eat less damage to lateral hypothalamus

45
Q

What other emotions does the hypothalamus produce?

A

rage and amgydala inhibits it- “delgado’s bull”

also produce fear- anxiety and fear

46
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the sex center?

A

anterior hypothalamus, lesion leads to lack of sex drive, stimulation is hyper sex drive

control of sex hormones by pituitary gland

Neuroscience Final Exam (10 decks)

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