Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

fat soluble vitamins accumulate in ____ & _____ in body

Answer 1

liver

adipose

Question 2

fat soluble vitamins require ____ g FAT for bile secretion by ____

Answer 2

5-10 g fat

CCK

Question 3

PREformed sources of vit A

Answer 3

dairy
fish
retinol esters

Question 4

retinol is important for

Answer 4

reproduction

Question 5

retinal is important for

Answer 5

vision

Question 6

retinoic acid is important for

Answer 6

immune system
cell differentiation (keratin to mucus)

Question 7

retinol esters (RE) are digested by (2)

Answer 7

proteases

lipases

Question 8

retinol esters are absorbed as

Answer 8

micelles

Question 9

PROformed example of vit A is _____ which functions as ____

Answer 9

carotenoid

antioxidant

Question 10

PROformed sources of vit A

Answer 10

carrots

tomatoes

Question 11

if PROformed vit A is needed, one method is to break it, OXIDIZED to ______, transported by _____

Answer 11

retinoic acid

albumin

Question 12

if PROformed vit A is needed, one method is to break and REDUCE to ______, bound by _____

Answer 12

retinol

CRBP

Question 13

CRBP is reesterfied by ___ by ____ or packaged into _____

Answer 13

RE
LRAT
chylomicrons

Question 14

50-80% of vit A is stored in _____ as ___, can be metabolized by ___ or ___

Answer 14

liver
retinol esters (RE)
LRAT
ARAT

Question 15

if vit A is used from liver it is sent to PERIPHERAL tissue, which requires (2)

Answer 15

zinc

protein

Question 16

HYPOvitaminosis A symptoms (6)

Answer 16

night blindness
xerophthalmia
bitot's spots
decrease immunity
decrease sperm production

Question 17

HYPERvitaminosis A symptoms (5)

Answer 17

HA
double vision
bone fracture
birth defects
bone/joint pain

Question 18

RDA recommendation for vit D

Answer 18

600 IU

Question 19

amount of vit D needed to increase blood levels

Answer 19

100 IU/ 1 ng/mL

Question 20

cholecalciferol is ____ form of vit D made in ___ from __ and ___

Answer 20

animal
skin
cholesterol
UVB

Question 21

cholecaliferol (D3) made in the SKIN is transported by :

Answer 21

vitamin D binding protein

Question 22

cholecaliferol(D3) is added to (2)

Answer 22

dairy

supplements

Question 23

D3 is absorbed in ______ and transported by ______ into ______

Answer 23

micelles
vit D binding protein
chylomicrons

Question 24

D3 is HYDROXYLATED by _____ in ___ or ___;

Answer 24

cytochrome P450
kidney
liver

Question 25

D3 stored in liver is called ____ and is ______

Answer 25

calcidiol | inactive (biomarker)

Question 26

D3 stored in kidney is called ____ and is ____

Answer 26

calcitriol | active

Question 27

_____ controls gene expression of calcium-binding proteins (calcium homeostasis) --> DECREASES _______ in KIDNEYS and INCREASES _______ differentiation of osteoclasts

Answer 27

calciteriol Ca excretion Ca absorption

Question 28

cytochrome P450 signals release of ___ which DECREASES ______

Answer 28

PTH | decreases calcium blood

Question 29

sources of vit D (2)

Answer 29

dairy | fish

Question 30

hypovitaminosis D in kids

Answer 30

rickets

Question 31

hypovitaminosis D in adults

Answer 31

osteomalacia

Question 32

``` decrease skin synthesis malabsorption obesity breast feeding kidney/liver disease ```

Answer 32

causes of hypovitaminosis D

Question 33

(3) factors of decreased skin synthesis of vit D

Answer 33

sun screen aging melanin

Question 34

amount of vit D that people with malabsorption/obesity should take

Answer 34

1000-2000 IU

Question 35

lymphomas sarcoidosis TB calcification of tissues

Answer 35

hypervitaminosis D

Question 36

tocopherols and tococtrienols are digested by _____

Answer 36

lipases

Question 37

tocopherols and tococtrienols and transported by _____

Answer 37

chylomicrons

Question 38

function if vit E is _____ located in _____

Answer 38

antioxidant | plasma membrane

Question 39

(3) sources of vit E

Answer 39

alpha-tocopherol gamma-tocopherol tocotrienols

Question 40

source of tocotrienol

Answer 40

oats

Question 41

sources of gamma-tocopherol

Answer 41

peanuts corn oil soybean oil

Question 42

sources of alpha-tocopherol

Answer 42

``` almonds olive oil (cold-pressed is better) ```

Question 43

2 symptoms of HYPOvitaminosis E

Answer 43

myopathy | peripheral neuropathy

Question 44

2 symptoms of HYPERvitaminosis E

Answer 44

excessive bleeding | fatigue

Question 45

deficiency of vit K is common in

Answer 45

new borns malabs chronic antibiotics

Question 46

___ toxicity of vit K

Answer 46

NO toxicity

Question 47

2 types of vit K

Answer 47

phylloqinone | menaquinone

Question 48

sources of phylloqinone

Answer 48

dark green leafy veggies | peanuts

Question 49

sources of menaquinone

Answer 49

``` meat LI bacteria (gut micro-biome) ```

Question 50

vit K is transported by

Answer 50

chylomicrons

Question 51

function of vit K is forming _______ required for _____ in ____ and ______

Answer 51

carboxyglutamates Ca binding clotting blood formation

Question 52

most toxic fat-soluble vitamin

Answer 52

vit A

Question 53

only 2 fat soluble its that are digested

Answer 53

vit A & E