Fat Intake and Supplementation

Question 1

What is the process called where 3 fatty acids react with a glycerol molecules to produce a triglyceride

Answer 1

Esterification

Question 2

What does esterification form?

Answer 2

triglyceride

water

Question 3

Are short chain FFAs more liquid or solid

Answer 3

Liquid

Question 4

Are long chain FFAs more liquid or solid

Answer 4

Solid

Question 5

Saturated FAs have what type of carbon bonds

Answer 5

Single carbon bonds

Question 6

Unsaturated FAs have what type of carbon bonds

Answer 6

Double carbon bonds

Question 7

Which type of FA stimulates liver to form cholesterol

Answer 7

Saturated

Question 8

Which type of FA can be mono or poly

Answer 8

Unsaturated

Question 9

What does Trans FAs occur as a result of

Answer 9

Processing- e.g. heat and light

Question 10

Define essential FA

Answer 10

must be obtained from the diet

Question 11

Give an example of an essential FA

Answer 11

Omega 3,6 or 9

Question 12

Define non-essential FA

Answer 12

can be synthesised endogenously

Question 13

Give an example of a non-essential FA

Answer 13

Any fat that isn’t an omega one.. i.e. palmitate

Question 14

By what process does fat travel through the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 14

Facilitated diffusion

Question 15

If there is higher levels of n-3 PUFA, how does this effect the production of intracellular mediators

Answer 15

Less inflammatory mediators

Question 16

Define adipose tissue

Answer 16

A store of fat for energy in the fasted state

Question 17

What type of cytokines are produced by adipose tissue

Answer 17

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 18

Give 3 examples of hormones secreted by adipose tissue

Answer 18

Leptin
Adiponectin
ADMA
Angiotensin 1/II
Oestrogen

Question 19

How are lipoproteins transported in the blood

Answer 19

in chylomicrons

Question 20

Describe the transport of fat

Answer 20

Lipid in GI tract –> chylomicron –> lipoprotein lipase –> HDL (extrahepatic) or LDL (liver) –> cholesterol

Question 21

Describe simply glycolysis (with fat) steps

Answer 21

Glucose –> pyruvate (–> lactate) –> PDC –> acetyl-CoA –> acetyl carnitine –> B-oxidation

Question 22

Describe simply long-chain fat oxidation steps

Answer 22

LCFA –> Acyl CoA –> CPT1 + CACT + CPT2 –> acyl-CoA –> B-oxidation

Question 23

What are the most immediately available form of lipid

Answer 23

Intramuscular triglycerides

Question 24

What is the athlete’s paradox (fats)

Answer 24

large lipid droplets, close to the mitochondria are beneficial to performance.
There is a U Shape where both an athlete and T2D have high IMCL, but athletes have a high oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity

Question 25

What is the approximate maximum oxidation % for fats to be effective at

Answer 25

65-70%

Question 26

what is the process called where TG's are changed to FAs, and what hormone is used

Answer 26

lipolysis + Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 27

Give a hormone which increase the activity of HSL

Answer 27

Adrenaline/Noradrenaline

Question 28

Give a hormone which decreases the activity of HSL

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

Do type 1 or 2 fibres have a higher density of fatty acid transporters

Answer 29

Type 1

Question 30

Why do type 1 fibres have a higher density of fatty acid transporters

Answer 30

Type 1 fibres are the predominant site of fat oxidation. They can oxidise the FA, transport it to tissues, and to the cells

Question 31

Give an example of a key fat transporter

Answer 31

CD36 or CPT1

Question 32

``` Where is the greatest site of FA oxidation limitation A) Extracellular B) Intracellular C) Mitochondria D) Serum ```

Answer 32

B) Intracellular

Question 33

Give 2 factors which regulate fat oxidation

Answer 33

* Fat availability * Transport into cell * Oxidative capacity

Question 34

Why would a trained athlete use fat preferentially

Answer 34

Spare endogenous glycogen stores

Question 35

What is the drug co-infused with fat to aid digestion and absorption

Answer 35

Heparin

Question 36

Which hormone does heparin target

Answer 36

Lipoprotein Lipase release

Question 37

Costill et al., found that pre-exercise fat feeding increased fat oxidation, and decreased CHO (with heparin). What happened when this was repeated without heparin?

Answer 37

Fat oxidation wasn't stimulated. Ingested long chain fats were inefficiently oxidised, long/medium didn’t impact plasma FFAs- so can’t increase ffa availability.

Question 38

True or false: Medium chain triglycerides are Independent of the carnitine shuttle

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What was the difference between a 3 and 7 day high fat diet results

Answer 39

A 3 day high fat diet showed favourable changes -an adaptive response: CHO oxidation decreased, and fat oxidation increased at a moderate-high intensity. A 7-day high fat (low CHO) diet showed this impaired glycogen and IM fat stores, which has performance implications. Further negative effects on metabolism and performance due to reduced glycogen storage

Question 40

If fat intake is too low, there is progressive depletion of what

Answer 40

IMTG stores

Question 41

Higher fat content generally leads to lower what

Answer 41

muscle glycogen storeage

Question 42

High fat and high CHO diet increased levels of what

Answer 42

Ketones

Question 43

What are ketones

Answer 43

byproducts of the body breaking down fat for energy that occurs when carbohydrate intake is low

Question 44

Why are ketones bad

Answer 44

Increase RPE and can cause ketosis at elevated levels

Question 45

Why does high habitual fat intake reduce glycolysis

Answer 45

habitual enzymes are shifted from CHO to fat