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Sports Nutrition and Metabolism Yr 2 > Antioxidant Supplementation > Flashcards

Antioxidant Supplementation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 classes of reactive species

A
  1. Reactive Oxygen Species: Radicals
  2. Reactive Oxygen Species: Non-Radicals
  3. Reactive Nitrogen Species: Radicals
  4. Reactive Nitrogen Species: Non-Radicals
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2
Q

Give an example of Reactive Oxygen Species: Radicals

A

a. Superoxide

b. Hydroxyl Groups

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3
Q

Give an example of Reactive Oxygen Species: Non-Radicals

A

a. Hydrogen Peroxide

b. Singlet oxygen

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4
Q

Give an example of Reactive Nitrogen Species: Radicals

A

a. Nitric oxide

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5
Q

Give an example of Reactive Nitrogen Species: Non-Radicals

A

a. Peroxynitrite

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6
Q

What do reactive species do to other compounds

A

Steal electrons

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7
Q

What are the opposites of ROS/RNS in the body

A

Anti-oxidants

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8
Q

Define peroxidation

A

a chain oxidative reaction causing the dysfunction of the phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What happens when LDL are oxidised

A

more atherogenic, and increasing likelihood of atherosclerosis, as they deposit cholesterol in the blood vessels more readily

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10
Q

What happens when ROS/RNS reduce bioavaliability

A

impairs blood vessel function, as NO binds to singlet oxygen forming Peroxynitrite (very damaging, causing peroxidation)

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11
Q

How do ROS/RNS damage proteins

A

carbonylation or nitrosylation

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12
Q

How does carbonylation or nitrosylation effect the body

A

impairs enzymatic function,

and altered function causes symptoms of ageing.

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13
Q

What response do ROS/RNS trigger that can lead to CVD, obesity and diabetes

A

Inflammatory response

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14
Q

Give 2 ways ROS/RNS can negatively impact sports performance

A
  • Cell membranes become leaky- and enzymes etc can leave the cell e.g. creatine kinase
  • Altered function of transporters, enzymes, and contractile proteins
  • Reduced NO bioavailability, which decreases perfusion
  • Inflammation leads to soreness, and pain as well as increased RPE
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15
Q

True or False: exercise produces greater levels of ROS/RNS

A

True

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16
Q

Why does exercise produce greater levels of ROS

A

NADPH Oxidase produces superoxide. Its activity is increased during exercise

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17
Q

Give 2 beneficial uses of ROS/RNS

A
  • Vasodilation (alter blood pressure)
  • Immune function- damage to pathogens e.g. the oxidative burst
  • Cell communication
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18
Q

What are the two classes of endogenous antioxidants

A
  • enzymatic

- non-enzymatic

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of enzymatic antioxidants

A 
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)
Catalase (CAT)
Peroxiredoxin
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20
Q

Give 2 examples of non-enzymatic antioxidants

A 
Uric Acid
Glutathione
Bilirubin
Thiols
Albumin
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21
Q

What are the 3 classes of nutritional antioxidants

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Phytochemicals

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22
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant vitamins

A

C
E
Carotene

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant minerals

A

Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Selenium

24
Q

Give 2 examples of antioxidant phytochemicals

A

Phenolic acids
Stilbenes
Flavonoids

25
Q

True or false: Training results in increases in enzymatic antioxidants

A

True

26
Q

Where specifically are enzymatic antioxidants found

A

cell mitochondria

27
Q

Where specifically are non-enzymatic antioxidants found

A

Blood vessels

28
Q

Catalase is the detoxifying enzyme for H202 resulting in what

A

H20 + 02

29
Q

Iron is the detoxifying element for H202 resulting in what

A

OH

30
Q

Give 2 indirect methods of measuring ROS/RNS

A
  • Protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine
  • F2 isoprostanes- liver
  • TBARS- lipids
  • MDA- lipids
31
Q

Give a direct method of measuring ROS/RNS

A

• Spin traps for specific radicals

32
Q

ROS can be useful for adaptation. Give 2 processes they signal for

A

mitochondriongenesis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis and an increase in antioxidant enzymes.

33
Q

ROS lead to the transcription of —– dependent genes

A

NF-KB

34
Q

State 2 negative effects of exercise generated ROS

A
  • reduced ca sensitivity
  • muscle damage (activated neutrophils)
  • ischaemic reperfusion
  • decreased perfusion
35
Q

Why is decreased Ca sensitivity a bad thing

A

impairs muscle force production

36
Q

Give 3 effects Antioxidant supplementation may have

A 
•	Increased E-C Coupling (Ca release)
•	Central drive (Decreased with ROS)
•	Substrate depletion (Decreased glucose with ROS)
•	Muscle perfusion
o	Increased NO bioavailability
•	Inhibition of ROS production
37
Q

What is N-acetylcysteine

A

A direct oxidant scavenger, which provides the cysteine for glutathione

38
Q

How did N-acetylcysteine effect performance

A

improved sprint power output, and decreased levels of ROS biomarkers. IL-6 was decreased, and glutathione was increasing

39
Q

What is glutathione

A

an antioxidant

40
Q

What is quercetin

A

A polyphenol (flavonol) which has a widespread presence in fruits and vegetables. It has antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective and ergogenic properties.

41
Q

What is a beneficial dose of acute polyphenol

A

300mg.d-1

42
Q

When should acute polyphenols be taken in to be beneficial

A

~2 hours prior to exercise

43
Q

What are polyphenols made up of (structurally)

A

6-C phenolic rings, and 2 hydroxyl groups

44
Q

State 2 classes of polyphenols

A
  1. Flavonoids
  2. Lignans
  3. Phenolic Acids
  4. Stilbenes
  5. Other e.g. curcumin
45
Q

Give 2 classes of flavonoids

A
  1. Anthocyanidins e.g. delphinidin and malvidin (dictate the colour of the fruit)
  2. Flavonols
  3. Flavones
  4. Flavonones
  5. Isoflavones
  6. Flavanols
46
Q

Which fruit has the greatest polyphenol levels

A

Blackcurrants

47
Q

Why do we use freeze-dried powders not fresh fruit

A

extremely large amount of fruit is needed to be consumed for performance benefits. This is expensive and has GI issues

48
Q

What are the direct antioxidant effects polyphenols possess called

A

radical scavengers

49
Q

What are the direct antioxidant effects of polyphenols limited by

A

Bioavaliability

50
Q

True or false: 5-10% of dietary polyphenols are absorbed by the colon; 90-95% are absorbed in the small intestine.

A

False- other way around 5-10% of dietary polyphenols are absorbed by the colon; 90-95% are absorbed in the small intestine.

51
Q

How does ROS/RNS effect NR-f2

A

cause the dissociation of the NR-F2 transcription factor, which moves to the nucleus, and upregulates antioxidant response elements

52
Q

True or false: An increase in antioxidants has been shown to reduce the initial injury from ROS and lessen this positive feedback cycle.

A

True

53
Q

What is the optimal dose for Montmorency cherry?

A

~1000mg.d-1 for 3 days prior to exercise.

54
Q

How does montmorency cherry improve recovery

A

by attenuating a loss of muscle force, soreness and inflammation

55
Q

How do cherries impact sleep

A

Cherries contain melatonin, which has been linked to improved sleep quality and duration

Sports Nutrition and Metabolism Yr 2 (13 decks)

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