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Animal Nutrition > Fat and Carbs > Flashcards

Fat and Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The process of taking in molecules that promote growth and the replacement of injured tissues.

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2
Q

Founder of the field of nutrition

A

Antoine Lavoiser He first discovered the big three. Carbs. Protein. Fat.

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3
Q

Food/feed

A

Edible material that nourishes

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4
Q

Diet

A

Mixture of feeds

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5
Q

Ration

A

I daily supply of diet (amount)

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6
Q

Nutrient

A

Element or compound in daily diet needed to promote normal life processes.

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7
Q

NRC

A

National research Council

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8
Q

Average animal body is compromised of:

A

60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% minerals

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9
Q

Diet and ration are determined by:

A

What nutrients are in the feed. What nutrients are being digested and what aren’t.

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10
Q

Methods of feed analysis are:

A

– Dry matter determination (percent water)
– energy content of food
– proximate analysis
– specific analysis

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11
Q

Equation for determining dry matter

A

Percent dry matter / by wet weight

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12
Q

Nitrogen free extract

A

the fraction that contains the sugars and starches plus small amounts of other materials

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13
Q

Fat

A

Fat functions as a secondary energy source

  • essential fatty acid source
  • Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
  • cholesterol source
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14
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

LinoleicLinolenic Arachodonic

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15
Q

Essential fatty acids promote:

A

Major cell membrane structure Myelin structure prostaglandin smooth muscle structureBP

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16
Q

Vitamins that are fat soluble? That is required for these to be absorbency G.I. tract

A

A D E K

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Makes bile for fat digestion
  • precursor to make sex hormones
  • homeostasis
  • reproduction
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18
Q

Green overload

A

nutritional problem with ruminants.

-occurs what the diet consists primarily of easily digestible carbs

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19
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Excess blood glucose levels

- type I type II

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20
Q

Diabetes mellitus type I

A

Insulin-dependent. does not make insulin. needs insulin injections.

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21
Q

Diabetes mellitus type II

A

Non-insolent dependent. Insulin made but tissues are resistant.

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22
Q

Causes of diabetes mellitus

A

– Insulin not made, or not being absorbed
Symptoms:
frequent high-volume urination sugaring urine ,skin infections ,visual problems, itching, weakness

23
Q

Fat

A

– Energy source
– essential fatty acid source
– carrier fat-soluble vitamins

24
Q

Catabolism for carbohydrates (breakdown)

A

– Only glucose can be broken down in small intestine
– larger sugars and starches are broken down by specific enzymes in the GI track
– enzyme deficiencies can result in diarrhea and possible death

25
Q

Catabolism for cellulose breakdown

A

Requires the enzyme cellulase that is only produced by bacteria in the rumen and cecum fermenters
– larger plants combined cellulose with ligin less able to be broken down

26
Q

Catabolism fermentation of cellulose

A

Bacteria produce volatile fatty acids as an energy product for absorption instead of glucose
– VFA is absorbed in colon

27
Q

VFAs

A

Butyric
Acetic
Propionic

28
Q

anabolism (buildup) of carbs

A

Tiny amount of carbs can be stored as glycogen in the liver for later breakdown for energy
– requires dehydration synthesis for blood glucose

29
Q

Where are high concentrations of carbs found?

A

– Cereal grains
– none cereal grains
– milling byproducts

30
Q

Cereal grain examples are _________.

A

Corn, millet, wheat, barley, oats, rice, rice,

31
Q

Non-cereal grains

A

Buckwheat

sprouted wheat

32
Q

Cereal Milling byproducts

A

Wheat bran
rice bran
corn gluten

33
Q

Where high carbs found?

A

Fruits and tubers
– fruit juices and fruit pulps
– sugars

34
Q

Ketosis

A

Excess ketones (extra acetyl CoA) in body tissues, when the body is having to create a lot of glucose

35
Q

Ketonemia

A

increase of ketone bodies in the blood

36
Q

Ketonuria

A

a condition where ketone bodies are found in the urine.

37
Q

Types of ketosis

A

Ketonemia

Ketonuria

38
Q

Causes of ketosis in ruminants

A

High demand for glucose in ruminants must be made in the body
– starvation Causing lack of glucose availability, so the body must take it from proteins/fats

39
Q

Symptoms of ketosis

A

Weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, increased drinking and urination, fruity smell of breath

40
Q

grain overload

A

– Problem for ruminants Fed diets high in readily available carbohydrates

41
Q

carbs that improves intestinal motility in species that can’t use them for energy are called _____________ carbs.

A

structural carbs

42
Q

starch is what kind of carbohydrate?

A

storage

43
Q

_________is when a plant becomes harder, and animals have increased trouble digesting.

A

lignification

44
Q

normal blood glucose level must be kept ________.

A

steady

45
Q

name the two pancreatic hormones that convert glucose to glycogen and vs.

A

Glyogon

insulin

46
Q

Treatment for diabetes mellitus?

A
  • blood testing insulin injections in type I
  • oral drugs that increase insulin production and sensitivity for type II
  • low carb, high protein, small frequent meals
47
Q

________ is the hydrolisis of triglycerides in __________ tissue.

A

lipolysis, adipose

48
Q

from lipolysis _____ _______ can be used as an energy source.

A

fatty acids

49
Q

Essential fatty acids are ?

A

linoleic, linolenic, arachodonic

50
Q

Linoleic linolenic and arachodonic EFAs are important because they…

A 
major cell membrane structure
myelin structure
prostaglandins structure
smooth muscle
BP
51
Q

the buildup of fat molecules is called _________.

A

anabolism

52
Q

anabolism of fatty acids are ________

A

triglycerides

53
Q

triglycerides are synthesized in the _______, ______ ________, ___________.

A

liver
adipose tissue
mammary glands

Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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