Fat and Carbs Flashcards
Nutrition
The process of taking in molecules that promote growth and the replacement of injured tissues.
Founder of the field of nutrition
Antoine Lavoiser He first discovered the big three. Carbs. Protein. Fat.
Food/feed
Edible material that nourishes
Diet
Mixture of feeds
Ration
I daily supply of diet (amount)
Nutrient
Element or compound in daily diet needed to promote normal life processes.
NRC
National research Council
Average animal body is compromised of:
60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% minerals
Diet and ration are determined by:
What nutrients are in the feed. What nutrients are being digested and what aren’t.
Methods of feed analysis are:
– Dry matter determination (percent water)
– energy content of food
– proximate analysis
– specific analysis
Equation for determining dry matter
Percent dry matter / by wet weight
Nitrogen free extract
the fraction that contains the sugars and starches plus small amounts of other materials
Fat
Fat functions as a secondary energy source
- essential fatty acid source
- Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
- cholesterol source
Essential fatty acids
LinoleicLinolenic Arachodonic
Essential fatty acids promote:
Major cell membrane structure Myelin structure prostaglandin smooth muscle structureBP
Vitamins that are fat soluble? That is required for these to be absorbency G.I. tract
A D E K
Cholesterol
- Makes bile for fat digestion
- precursor to make sex hormones
- homeostasis
- reproduction
Green overload
nutritional problem with ruminants.
-occurs what the diet consists primarily of easily digestible carbs
Diabetes mellitus
Excess blood glucose levels
- type I type II
Diabetes mellitus type I
Insulin-dependent. does not make insulin. needs insulin injections.
Diabetes mellitus type II
Non-insolent dependent. Insulin made but tissues are resistant.
Causes of diabetes mellitus
– Insulin not made, or not being absorbed
Symptoms:
frequent high-volume urination sugaring urine ,skin infections ,visual problems, itching, weakness
Fat
– Energy source
– essential fatty acid source
– carrier fat-soluble vitamins
Catabolism for carbohydrates (breakdown)
– Only glucose can be broken down in small intestine
– larger sugars and starches are broken down by specific enzymes in the GI track
– enzyme deficiencies can result in diarrhea and possible death
Catabolism for cellulose breakdown
Requires the enzyme cellulase that is only produced by bacteria in the rumen and cecum fermenters
– larger plants combined cellulose with ligin less able to be broken down
Catabolism fermentation of cellulose
Bacteria produce volatile fatty acids as an energy product for absorption instead of glucose
– VFA is absorbed in colon
VFAs
Butyric
Acetic
Propionic
anabolism (buildup) of carbs
Tiny amount of carbs can be stored as glycogen in the liver for later breakdown for energy
– requires dehydration synthesis for blood glucose
Where are high concentrations of carbs found?
– Cereal grains
– none cereal grains
– milling byproducts
Cereal grain examples are _________.
Corn, millet, wheat, barley, oats, rice, rice,
Non-cereal grains
Buckwheat
sprouted wheat
Cereal Milling byproducts
Wheat bran
rice bran
corn gluten
Where high carbs found?
Fruits and tubers
– fruit juices and fruit pulps
– sugars
Ketosis
Excess ketones (extra acetyl CoA) in body tissues, when the body is having to create a lot of glucose
Ketonemia
increase of ketone bodies in the blood
Ketonuria
a condition where ketone bodies are found in the urine.
Types of ketosis
Ketonemia
Ketonuria
Causes of ketosis in ruminants
High demand for glucose in ruminants must be made in the body
– starvation Causing lack of glucose availability, so the body must take it from proteins/fats
Symptoms of ketosis
Weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, increased drinking and urination, fruity smell of breath
grain overload
– Problem for ruminants Fed diets high in readily available carbohydrates
carbs that improves intestinal motility in species that can’t use them for energy are called _____________ carbs.
structural carbs
starch is what kind of carbohydrate?
storage
_________is when a plant becomes harder, and animals have increased trouble digesting.
lignification
normal blood glucose level must be kept ________.
steady
name the two pancreatic hormones that convert glucose to glycogen and vs.
Glyogon
insulin
Treatment for diabetes mellitus?
- blood testing insulin injections in type I
- oral drugs that increase insulin production and sensitivity for type II
- low carb, high protein, small frequent meals
________ is the hydrolisis of triglycerides in __________ tissue.
lipolysis, adipose
from lipolysis _____ _______ can be used as an energy source.
fatty acids
Essential fatty acids are ?
linoleic, linolenic, arachodonic
Linoleic linolenic and arachodonic EFAs are important because they…
major cell membrane structure myelin structure prostaglandins structure smooth muscle BP
the buildup of fat molecules is called _________.
anabolism
anabolism of fatty acids are ________
triglycerides
triglycerides are synthesized in the _______, ______ ________, ___________.
liver
adipose tissue
mammary glands
