FAMS mid 2 -> Indigestion, CA etc Flashcards
What is a displaced abomasum?
-left or right DA, gas accumulates within the abomasum and the abomasum floats to the left or right becoming trapped between the abdominal wall and adjacent viscera
Displaced abomasums are most commonly seen with what diseases?
postpartruient diseases: ketosis, hypocalcemia, mastitis, metritis, and these conditions result in decreased abomasal contractility
when are DAs most commonly seen
the first two weeks postpartum
DA’s are associated with cattle on what diet?
high grain diets, especially if no transion diet has been provided
What cows are seen with DAs often?
high producing diary cow in 2nd lactation or greater
-deep chested cows
-cows with elevated NEFAs or BHBA during the prepartum and postpartum period have increased chance of displacement (both of these increase during the breakdown of fat usually due to inadquate DM intake or energy demands of the fetus and milk production
What is the pathophysiology of DA
a) Atony of the abomasum
-increased VFAs, hypocalcemia, effects of endotoxins, increased ketone bodies
b) gas accumulates in the abomasum
c) abomasum floats to the right or left and gets trapped
What are the CS of a simple displacement of the abomasum on the left or right side?
a) anorexia, lack of chewing cud
b) ketonuria or acetone on the breath
c) rumen motility decreased- rumen pulled away from lateral abdominal wall - paralumbar fossa is deep
d) last 2 ribs may be sprung
e) gurgling or tinkling sounds
f) auscultation and percussion - tinny sounding ping between the tubar coxae and the elbow. ping doesnt usually go into the paralumbar fossa
g) feces are scant but diarrhea may be present
h) liptak test- abomasal ph 2-4, rumen ph 5.5-8
j) paradoxi aciduria- urine pH may be acidic even though the cow is alkalotic. Cow is alkalotic so she tries to conserve hydrogen ions. Blood pressure is reduced. The cow reponds by renal retention of NA and CL. Hydrogen ions are paradoxially secreted so that bp can be maintained by means of maximum sodium retention
What is the clincial pathology of DA?
a) alkalotic
b) hypochloremic-
c) hypokalemic
d)hypocalcemic
What is a right torsed (displaced) abomasum
CS are same as above but
-signs of shock such as decreased CRT, cool extremities
-HR 100 plus
-acutely ill, dehyrated
abdominal distention
Floating DA?
a) cows has some signs of DA but no ping
b) cow is fine then bad and cycles, decreased milk production
c) auscultate low on the abdomen area may hear ping
d) may or may not develop into a full blown DA
e) often scenario where the cow is trucked for a DA surgery then when it gets there you cant hear the ping
How do you treat DAs?
Return abomasum to normal position
If you have a left displaced abomasum, how can you fix it without surgeyr?
-lay cow in right lateral recumbency, and roll her to the left side. Abomasum will float up and over. Remain in this position for 5-10 minutes to allow emptying of abomasal gas and contents
-give oral fluids
-replace calcium, chloride, and potassium deficitys
-fix ketosis -> iv dextrose, propolene glycol
THIS DOESNT WORK FOR RDA, CAN LEAD TO RTA
How do we surgically fix a left displaced abomasum?
a) Roll and tack, toggle method
left displacements only
- lay cow in right lateral recumenby, pull cow up on bac slowly while pushing on the area of the abomasum. Listen for the ping when the abomasum is just to the right of the distal sternal process. Punch trochar through the abdomen,. Gas will be released, smells like burnt almonds or rancid butter. Drop toggle down into the trochar, remove trochar and repeat 3 inches caudal to first trocharization. Tie the 2 toggle leads together. Turn the cow completely over to the left. Stand her up, listen for a ping
What procedure can be used to fix all abomsal displacements and how do you do it?
Right flank omentopexy
1) enter the right paralumbar fossa
2) reach across the rumen in case of LDA and stick a needle attached to a drip set into the abomasum and allow removal of gas
3) when abomasum deflates, push abomasum down and it will usually go into the right spot
4) grab omentum and pull up into incision site until the pylorus is located
5) at the level of the pylorus, looking for the sow’s ear, a fold in the omentum , and suture the omentum into the first layer of body wall closure
6_ in case of RDA and RTA, correct torsion, deflate and push abomasum down .Look for pylorus and proceed as above
What are the pros and cons for doing a right flank ometopexy?
can correct for all 3 das
cons : if adhesions on the left, cant break down from the right side. Will need to perform a left sided approach, break adhesions down and then replace
How do you perform a right paramedian abomasopexy?
1) roll cow up on back and enter abdomen about a hands breath on the right lateral to midline and caudal to the sternum
2) abomasum should be in the incision line. Suture the abomasal wall to the body wall while closing the peritoneum and muscle bellies. Do not enter into the abomasum
Pros and cons of right paramedian abomasopexy?
-good exposure
-need to lay the cow down, possible dehiscence
How do you perform a left flank abomasopexy?
- enter the left paralumbar fossa and locate the abomasum.
- get two straight needles with 6 feet of sutre, and place two horizontal mattresses in the greater curvature of the abomasum
- delfate the abomasum and then replace
- have someone direct placement of the 2 stitches to the right and caudal to the distal sternum
- punch needles through ventral abdominal wall and tie ends of suture together
Pros and cons of left flank abomasopexy
-can see the abomasum and be sure of placement of sutures
- if the abomasum is adhered to the abdominal wall, can break down adhesions
-need long arms to place sutures
-may tear abomasum while placing sutures
What adjunct therapy do you need for a displaced abomasum?
a) FLuids
- oral, most cows are dehyrated, standard is 10 gall with salt
-can give calcium propionate
- IV fluids may be needed in cases of RTA and possibly RDA if animal is severely dehydrated
-NSAID for pain
-calcium therapy to get muscular contractions going again
-if ketotic, can give glucose precursors
What agents should we not used with DAs
-alkalizing agents, as these cows are alkalotic.
What are the prognosis for the different DAs?
1) LDA or RDA -> good if not long standing and predispoing diseases involved
2) RTA -> poor prognosis because of vascular compromise, similiar ot gastric torsion in dogs
c) abomasal atony and diarrhea may occur post correction
d) animals with diarrhea prior to correction have moderate to poor prognosis
How do we prevent DAs from happening?
a) decrease the incidence of post-partum disease
b) prevent hypocalcemic conditions
c) increase fiber, decrease grain in diets
d) transition ration to get catttle used to eating high grain diets
e) introduce cattle to eating concentrates slowly
How do swine get gastric ulcers?
a) associated with stress
b) dietary factors -> finely ground grain, Vit E and Se deficiency, copper toxicity, irregular feedings
What are CS of gastric ulcers in swine?
-apparently healthy animal found dead
-animals may be pale, anemic , weak with increased RR rate
How do we diagnose gastric ulcers
a) CS
B) NECROPSY ->ulcers in the pars esophagea with blood clots within the stomach
