FAMS mid 2 -> Indigestion, CA etc Flashcards
What is a displaced abomasum?
-left or right DA, gas accumulates within the abomasum and the abomasum floats to the left or right becoming trapped between the abdominal wall and adjacent viscera
Displaced abomasums are most commonly seen with what diseases?
postpartruient diseases: ketosis, hypocalcemia, mastitis, metritis, and these conditions result in decreased abomasal contractility
when are DAs most commonly seen
the first two weeks postpartum
DA’s are associated with cattle on what diet?
high grain diets, especially if no transion diet has been provided
What cows are seen with DAs often?
high producing diary cow in 2nd lactation or greater
-deep chested cows
-cows with elevated NEFAs or BHBA during the prepartum and postpartum period have increased chance of displacement (both of these increase during the breakdown of fat usually due to inadquate DM intake or energy demands of the fetus and milk production
What is the pathophysiology of DA
a) Atony of the abomasum
-increased VFAs, hypocalcemia, effects of endotoxins, increased ketone bodies
b) gas accumulates in the abomasum
c) abomasum floats to the right or left and gets trapped
What are the CS of a simple displacement of the abomasum on the left or right side?
a) anorexia, lack of chewing cud
b) ketonuria or acetone on the breath
c) rumen motility decreased- rumen pulled away from lateral abdominal wall - paralumbar fossa is deep
d) last 2 ribs may be sprung
e) gurgling or tinkling sounds
f) auscultation and percussion - tinny sounding ping between the tubar coxae and the elbow. ping doesnt usually go into the paralumbar fossa
g) feces are scant but diarrhea may be present
h) liptak test- abomasal ph 2-4, rumen ph 5.5-8
j) paradoxi aciduria- urine pH may be acidic even though the cow is alkalotic. Cow is alkalotic so she tries to conserve hydrogen ions. Blood pressure is reduced. The cow reponds by renal retention of NA and CL. Hydrogen ions are paradoxially secreted so that bp can be maintained by means of maximum sodium retention
What is the clincial pathology of DA?
a) alkalotic
b) hypochloremic-
c) hypokalemic
d)hypocalcemic
What is a right torsed (displaced) abomasum
CS are same as above but
-signs of shock such as decreased CRT, cool extremities
-HR 100 plus
-acutely ill, dehyrated
abdominal distention
Floating DA?
a) cows has some signs of DA but no ping
b) cow is fine then bad and cycles, decreased milk production
c) auscultate low on the abdomen area may hear ping
d) may or may not develop into a full blown DA
e) often scenario where the cow is trucked for a DA surgery then when it gets there you cant hear the ping
How do you treat DAs?
Return abomasum to normal position
If you have a left displaced abomasum, how can you fix it without surgeyr?
-lay cow in right lateral recumbency, and roll her to the left side. Abomasum will float up and over. Remain in this position for 5-10 minutes to allow emptying of abomasal gas and contents
-give oral fluids
-replace calcium, chloride, and potassium deficitys
-fix ketosis -> iv dextrose, propolene glycol
THIS DOESNT WORK FOR RDA, CAN LEAD TO RTA
How do we surgically fix a left displaced abomasum?
a) Roll and tack, toggle method
left displacements only
- lay cow in right lateral recumenby, pull cow up on bac slowly while pushing on the area of the abomasum. Listen for the ping when the abomasum is just to the right of the distal sternal process. Punch trochar through the abdomen,. Gas will be released, smells like burnt almonds or rancid butter. Drop toggle down into the trochar, remove trochar and repeat 3 inches caudal to first trocharization. Tie the 2 toggle leads together. Turn the cow completely over to the left. Stand her up, listen for a ping
What procedure can be used to fix all abomsal displacements and how do you do it?
Right flank omentopexy
1) enter the right paralumbar fossa
2) reach across the rumen in case of LDA and stick a needle attached to a drip set into the abomasum and allow removal of gas
3) when abomasum deflates, push abomasum down and it will usually go into the right spot
4) grab omentum and pull up into incision site until the pylorus is located
5) at the level of the pylorus, looking for the sow’s ear, a fold in the omentum , and suture the omentum into the first layer of body wall closure
6_ in case of RDA and RTA, correct torsion, deflate and push abomasum down .Look for pylorus and proceed as above
What are the pros and cons for doing a right flank ometopexy?
can correct for all 3 das
cons : if adhesions on the left, cant break down from the right side. Will need to perform a left sided approach, break adhesions down and then replace
How do you perform a right paramedian abomasopexy?
1) roll cow up on back and enter abdomen about a hands breath on the right lateral to midline and caudal to the sternum
2) abomasum should be in the incision line. Suture the abomasal wall to the body wall while closing the peritoneum and muscle bellies. Do not enter into the abomasum
Pros and cons of right paramedian abomasopexy?
-good exposure
-need to lay the cow down, possible dehiscence
How do you perform a left flank abomasopexy?
- enter the left paralumbar fossa and locate the abomasum.
- get two straight needles with 6 feet of sutre, and place two horizontal mattresses in the greater curvature of the abomasum
- delfate the abomasum and then replace
- have someone direct placement of the 2 stitches to the right and caudal to the distal sternum
- punch needles through ventral abdominal wall and tie ends of suture together
Pros and cons of left flank abomasopexy
-can see the abomasum and be sure of placement of sutures
- if the abomasum is adhered to the abdominal wall, can break down adhesions
-need long arms to place sutures
-may tear abomasum while placing sutures
What adjunct therapy do you need for a displaced abomasum?
a) FLuids
- oral, most cows are dehyrated, standard is 10 gall with salt
-can give calcium propionate
- IV fluids may be needed in cases of RTA and possibly RDA if animal is severely dehydrated
-NSAID for pain
-calcium therapy to get muscular contractions going again
-if ketotic, can give glucose precursors
What agents should we not used with DAs
-alkalizing agents, as these cows are alkalotic.
What are the prognosis for the different DAs?
1) LDA or RDA -> good if not long standing and predispoing diseases involved
2) RTA -> poor prognosis because of vascular compromise, similiar ot gastric torsion in dogs
c) abomasal atony and diarrhea may occur post correction
d) animals with diarrhea prior to correction have moderate to poor prognosis
How do we prevent DAs from happening?
a) decrease the incidence of post-partum disease
b) prevent hypocalcemic conditions
c) increase fiber, decrease grain in diets
d) transition ration to get catttle used to eating high grain diets
e) introduce cattle to eating concentrates slowly
How do swine get gastric ulcers?
a) associated with stress
b) dietary factors -> finely ground grain, Vit E and Se deficiency, copper toxicity, irregular feedings
What are CS of gastric ulcers in swine?
-apparently healthy animal found dead
-animals may be pale, anemic , weak with increased RR rate
How do we diagnose gastric ulcers
a) CS
B) NECROPSY ->ulcers in the pars esophagea with blood clots within the stomach
How do we treat gastric ulcers in swine?
-aluminum hydroxides and magnesium silicate
-reduce stress
-oats/alfalfa hay
-omepreazole
How do we prevent gastric ulcers
-adequate Vit E and Se
-reduce stress
-consisitent feeding intervals and increase courseness of feed
What is the epidemiology of abomasal ulcers?
-seen in high producing dairy cows in early lacation
b) associated with stress -> stress of calving, lactation
c) diet- high grain diets
d) lymphosarcoma of abomasum
e) calves- seen around the time calves begin to eat solid food (associated with Cu deficiency, associated with calves on milk for long periods of time
f) use of NSAIDS
What are the CS of abomasal ulcers?
a) vary depending on severity of ulcer and if perforation has occured
b) varying degress of anorexia, decreased milk production
c) decreased rumen motility
d) colic
e) classic symtpoms are melena, dark tarry feces
f) acute death- ruptured major vessel
g) anemia
How do we diagnose abomasal uclers?
a) fecal occult blood with other signs
b) grunt test- especially with pressure on the abomasum
How do we treat abomasal ulcers?
a) change diet to more forage and less concentrate
b) protectants and anticacids arent affective
c) blood transufion
d) treat for peritontisi- antbix and fluids
What is hemorrahgic bowel syndrome
Highly fatal intestinal disease of mainly dairy cows in early lactation
What is the cause of hemorrahgic bowel syndrome?
a) cause is curently unknown
b) majority of cases occur within the first 100 days of lactation
c) few reports in beef cattle
d) proteins with high protein and reduced fiber are associated
e)associated with overgrowth of clostridum perfringens A
What lesions are associated with hemorraagic bowel syndrome
a. segmented or multifocal hemorrahge within the SI, primarily the jejunum ,ocassionaly the ileum and duodenum
b. affected sections are distended and purple to red discolaration due to intraluminal and intermurual blood clots
c) gas accumulation may occur orad to the clots
What are CS of hemorrahgic bowel syndrom
a) cows may be debiliated, dead or dying due to sudden and massive hemorrahge
b) increased HR and RR, mucous membranes can be pale
c) temp low due to shock
d) progressive abdominal distension, especially the lower right side
e) reduced fecal output and signs of colic
f) low pitched pings in teh lower right quadrant from gas distended loops of bowel
g) ultrasound, distended loops, may see blood clots
h) bloody feces, sometimes with large blood clots
How do we treat hemorrahgic bowel syndrome
a) successful treatment is rare
b) treat for shock - fluids NSAIDS and antibiox
c) surgery- break down clots within the intestine to relive blockage
d) enterotomy and intestinal resection may be required to remove blockage as well as necrotic gut
How do we prevent hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
a) identify managment factors that contribute to decreased immune status
b) ration formulation for transiton and lactation periods
c) reduce mold formation
What is the epidemiology behind intussception
a) most common in calves less than 2 months of age
b) adult cattle -> predisposed by intraluminal lesions (lymphosarc)
What is the pathophysioogy of intussception
a) oral portion of the gut is engulfed and propelled distally into enveloping portion
b) jejunum most common portion but small and large intestines can be involved
c) initially acute pain, but resides after intussception becomes devitalized and may slough
d) development of severe peritontiis, ttoxic shock if gut ruptures
What are CS of intussception
a) pain sudden onset
b) depressed and anorexic
c) abomasum slowly distends over several days, difficult to assess
d) dehydration
How do we diagnose intussception?
a) may be able to feel firm sausage shaped mass and distended bowel loop via rectal palpation. Mid to distal jejunum affected mostly
b) may get a small gas ping on the right side of the abdomen
How do we treat intussception
a) supportive therapy and fluid, antibiotics
b) sometimes the intussception will slough out after a few days and animal goes on with life
c) surgical correction
What is the prognosis for intussception?
a) good if treated early but difficult to diagnose so often times too late when decides surgery is needed
b) poor if ileus is present and peritonitis develops
How do we get small intestinal voluvlus, torsion of the root mesentery?
sporadic
What are the CS of small intestinal volvulus?
a) acute onset with rapid progression
b) increased RR and HR
c) very painful
d) rapid abdominal enlargement
How do we diagnose small intestinal volvlus
percuss and ausculate- pings over the right paralumbar fossa
rectal palpation to feel distended mass
How do we treat small intestinal volvlus?
usually none due to poor prognosis
What is the epidemiology of cecal dilation, retroflexion and torsion?
a) sporadic occurence, usually in diary cows
-cause related to same factors as displaced abomasum
-associated with high grain diets, allowing gas to accumulate and distension in the ielus
-once dilation has occured, retroflexion or torsion may result
What are the CS of cecal dilation and torsion
a) anorexia, drop in milk
b) scant feces
c) signs of colic, if torsed or retroflexed have a rapid progression of signs and increased HR
How do we diagnose cecal dilation and torsion
a) rectal palpation can feel dialted cecum, may not feel the tip of cecum if retroflexed, torsions may be fluid filled. Dilation and torsions feel like a loaf of bread or long balloon like structures
b) high pitched ping over the right lumbar area from the ribs back to the tubar coxae
How do we treat cecal torsion
a) simple dilation ->oral fluids with laxatives, calcium supplementation, forage diet, exercise
b) torsion -> surgery, decompess, empty, detorse
How do we prevent cecal torsion
increase forage in the ration, and decrase the grain
What is ileus
a conditon in lactating dairy cattle that mimic complete intestinal obstruction
What are the CS of ileus
a) off feed, partial anorexia
b) some cows show mild signs of colic
c) rectal palpation - little to no feces, sticky mucus with foul odor
d) decreased rumen motility
e) pings on the right side
f) normal to slighly elevated HR
g) lab values are normal
How do we diagnose ileus
palpate- distension of guts is not extreme and flatten under gentle pressure
How do we treat ileus
a) watch
b) pump with fluids, probiotics,
c) surgery- manipulating the intestines, remove gas
What is the prognosis of ileus
usually resolves on its own could be confused with simple indigestion
Atresia ani, recti, coli
-sporadic, detected in newborns
What are the CS of atresia ani
a) no feces observed, gradual distension of the abdomen
b) newborn normal first day or two then comes off feed
-may show signs of colic but resolve in 12-24 hours
-pigs can go several weeks before being diagnosed, they get distended
c) straining to defecate
How do we diagnose atresia ani
a) observation
recti- digital palpation, can feel where the rectum ends
coli - lesions in the region of the spiral colon so lack of feces and distension
perform an enema and see if fecal material is produced
How do we treat atresia ani
-none- euthaanize
Rectovaginal fistual - feed out
Fat necrosis
a condition in cattle in which excessive fat accumulates in and around abomdinal organs. The fat is furthermost from the blood supply necroses and becomes rock hard
Epidemology of fat necrosis
a) common in channel island breeds
b) fat cattle higher risk than thin
c) lesions develop as an inflammatory response and degenerating adipose cells
d) cattle on fescue are through to have a higher incidence
What are CS of fat necrosis
a) usually subclinical and discovered on rectal palpation
b) signs are related to intestinal obstruction
c) weight loss, anorexia
d) cattle may show signs of abdominal discomfort
How do we treat fat necrosis
none
