Famous Theories Flashcards
The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The direction of an induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
Lenz’s Law
A changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The electrostatic force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Coulomb’s Law
Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R)
Ohm’s Law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy (disorder) always increases in an isolated system.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
An object remains in motion or at rest unless acted upon by an external force (Inertia).
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma).
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Law of Universal Gravitation
The force needed to extend or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement (F = kx).
Hooke’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Laws (Name)
Gustav Kirchhoff (1845)
Lenz’s Law (Name)
Heinrich Lenz (1834)
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction (Name)
Michael Faraday (1831)
Coulomb’s Law (Name)
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785)
Ohm’s Law (Name)
Georg Ohm (1827)
First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Absolute Zero
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal Equilibrium
Newton’s Laws of Motion (Name)
Isaac Newton (1687)
Law of Universal Gravitation (Name)
Isaac Newton (1687)
Hooke’s Law
Robert Hooke (1678)
Bernoulli’s Principle
Daniel Bernoulli (1738)
An increase in the speed of a fluid results in a decrease in pressure or potential energy.
Bernoulli’s Principle
Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Pascal’s Law
A body submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
Archimedes’ Principle
It describes the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another (refraction).
Snell’s Law
Every point on a wavefront acts as a source of new wavelets.
Huygens’ Principle
The frequency of a wave changes based on the relative motion between the source and observer.
Doppler Effect
Snell’s Law (Name)
Willebrord Snellius (1621).
Huygens’ Principle (Name)
Christiaan Huygens (1678)
Doppler Effect (Name)
Christian Doppler (1842)
The total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same, regardless of the reaction pathway.
Hess’s Law – Germain Hess (1840)
At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (V ∝ T).
Charles’s Law – Jacques Charles (1787)
At constant temperature, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional (P ∝ 1/V).
Boyle’s Law – Robert Boyle (1662)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
Law of Conservation of Energy – First Law of Thermodynamics
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Law of Conservation of Mass – Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to counteract the change.
Le Chatelier’s Principle – Henry Le Chatelier (1884)
Atoms are indivisible, combine in whole-number ratios, and retain identity in chemical reactions.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory – John Dalton (1803)
PV = nRT (Pressure × Volume = Moles × Gas Constant × Temperature).
Ideal Gas Law – Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro’s work combined
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
Avogadro’s Law – Amedeo Avogadro (1811)
If two elements form more than one compound, their mass ratios are simple whole numbers.
Law of Multiple Proportions – John Dalton (1803)
The properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number.
Periodic Law – Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
