Family Influences

Question 1

secure attachment influences life

Answer 1

Positive peer relationships 
Emotion regulation
Social competence 
Executive functions
Empathy

Question 2

insecure attachment influences life

Answer 2

Higher risk of internalising problems

Elevated risk of externalising problems

Question 3

secure attachment at age 12-18 months

Answer 3

• superior problem-solving skills when faced with stress and challenges during the preschool years.
• more persistent and resilient in these adverse circumstances
• higher social competence and independence than insecure children

Question 4

influence of peers positive

Answer 4

It is found that children who enjoy good relationships with their peers are less likely to have adjustment problems later in life

Question 5

influence of peers negative

Answer 5

interacting with peers in middle childhood are more susceptible to later psychology disorders and academic problems

Question 6

influence of peers general

Answer 6

the importance of peer relations should not be neglected, as they have considerable influences on the development of children’s sense of security, social sensitivity and feelings about the self (Rubin et al., 1998).

Question 7

meta-analysis on attachment for later problems

Answer 7

secure attachment predicts less externalizing problems (d=0.31) and internalizing problems (d=0.15) based on effect sizes of more than 6000 children

Question 8

connection early attachment later representations

Answer 8

Studies that demonstrate a connection between early overt attachment behaviors and later representations do not, however, investigate continuity in attachment behavior with later development models

Question 9

socialability attachment cross cultural

Answer 9

patterns of association between child-parent attachment quality and social competence appear to generalise cross-culturally

Question 10

relationship quality attachment and social competence. can be explained by

Answer 10

influence of attachment on ToM

infants have an enhanced ability to understand the mental states of others

Question 11

other factors that influence child development

Answer 11

psychological well being of parents , psychological charactersitics of child, parenting style

Question 12

depression parent

Answer 12

interaction between the parent’s psychological state/depression, and the child-parent attachment relationship representation/insecure attachment.

Question 13

depression parent

Answer 13

interaction between the parent’s psychological state/depression, and the child-parent attachment relationship representation/insecure attachment.

Question 14

addiction parents influences

Answer 14

cognitive compentences which are independent of attachment §

Question 15

parenting style

Answer 15

authoritative parents (as per Baumrind’s style of parenting) are more psychosocially competent than peers from authoritarian, permissive, or indifferent

Question 16

influence of context

Answer 16

Tamang Nepal Different cultural context

Temang, Nepal, caregivers displayed negligent parenting, but infants displayed secure attachment later.

Can be seen as a form of love, because parents are trying to build resilience in their children so that they can better deal with hardship, the child is able to integrate this into their internal working model

Question 17

context showing interaction between

Answer 17

• temperament
• parenting style
• cultural context
• resilience

Question 18

parenting styles cultural variation

Answer 18

Last 10 years:

Low income, african american parents : authoritarian not as negative as for other groups

So ideal parenting style does not work across all contexts

Ethic groups and SES need to be considered

What a culture believes is important in parenting –> mediates the behaviour because more normative / accepted eg smacking

Question 19

domain specific control

Answer 19

Don’t think of control as global ( as done in ideal parenting styles ) more effective to break it into compontents, maybe think of psychological control ( parents inducing guilt), behavioural control ( expectations and effective monitoring ) knowledge control ( do parents know what children do?)

Question 20

parenting style

Answer 20

Parenting style: overall emotional climate of parent child relationship

- Warmth, control

Question 21

parenting practice

Answer 21

Parenting practice

Monitoring a childs whereabouts –> same parenting practice may have different outcome acfording to parenting style

Question 22

concerns about alternative families

Answer 22

no father / mother figure –> gender identity problems
lesbian mothers –> children gay + no father figure
surrogate –> no genetic tie bad for psych adjustment

Question 23

why is it good to study reproductive donation families

Answer 23

consequences of non-biological relatedness without the negative factors experienced by adoptees and stepchildren –> thus show us about the importance of process

Question 24

Golombok 2013 longitudinal study children born through reproductive donations

method

Answer 24

30 surrogacy, 31 egg donation , 35 donor insemination, 53 natural conception

assessment age 3, 7, 10 - childs adjustment
parenting assessment age 3

Question 25

olombok 2013 longitudinal study children born through reproductive donations
results

Answer 25

reproductive donations: Strenghts and DIfficulties Questionaire normal results –> thus are not indicative of psychological disorders

surrrogacy children: hihger levels of adjustment difficulties age 7 ( age when children start to understand biological inheritance )

could be due to ( factors exclusive to surrogacy not gamete donation ) :
- surrogate mother may remain in contact which could undermine family relationships

stress of mothers have large effect if children know about their orrigin ( age 7 : 0.12 )

socio-economic status was only significant up toa ge 10

Question 26

olombok 2013 longitudinal study children born through reproductive donations problems

Answer 26

sample size not big small difference between family types could be undetected

sampling bias: most concernred about secrecy wont participate

childs difficulites underreported due to stereotype

Question 27

longitudinal study adopted children

Answer 27

significant higher problems than matched comparison group at age 7 but these reduce in adolescence
( maybe struggling earlier because earlier confrontation with identity issues )

Question 28

Divorced families Keith

Answer 28

evidence for the family conflict perspective

92 studies comparing children from divorced fams vs intact fams –> median effect size 0.14 ( but less if only using methodologically sound studies )

however, if comparing intact fam high conflict, intact fam low conflict and divorced fam

lowest scores of intact fam high conflict on psychological adjustment and self-esteem ( 0.12 standard deviation below divorce family and 0.32 below lowconflict intact

Question 29

Golombok 2014 adoptive gay parents

Answer 29

N=41 gay parents, 40 lesbian mothers, 49 heterosexual

Similarly, an investigation in the United Kingdom found no differences in the adjustment of children adopted by gay fathers, lesbian mothers, or heterosexual parents. Where differences in parenting were identified, these reflected more positive parenting by gay fathers than by lesbian mothers an

Less externalising problems for adopted children in gay families if positive parental well being ( particularly the stress index which predicted externalising problems beta =.58 , family type did not predict externalising problems , disciplinary aggression marginally predictive )

Question 30

another positive aspect of Golombok 2014

Answer 30

Overcame limitations of farr et al by having standardized interview and observational and questionnaire measures of parental well being