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Sociology paper 2- families and beliefs > Family Diversity > Flashcards

Family Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 reasons for an increase in divorce rates?

A

Changes in the law
Declining stigma
Secularisation
Rising expectations of marriage
Changes in the position of women

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2
Q

When was the Divorce Reform Act introduced?

A

1969

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3
Q

What did the Divorce Reform Act allow?

A

It allowed people to get a divorce if they had been separated for more than two years

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4
Q

Who is the theorist for declining stigma in divorce?

A

Juliet Mitchell and Jack Goody

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5
Q

What does declining stigma for divorce mean?

A

That people found it more socially acceptable for couples to resort to divorce and it became more accepted within society

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6
Q

What is secularisation?

A

The decline in the influence of religion in society

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7
Q

Why did secularisation have an influence on divorce?

A

Churches don’t allow divorce and people were influenced by religious teachings not to get a divorce but due to secularisation, divorce was more accepted

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8
Q

Who is the theorist for rising expectations of marriage being a reason for divorce?

A

Fletcher

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9
Q

Why was rising expectations of marriage a reason for divorce?

A

People have an ideology of romantic love but this may not be fulfilled because they are expecting them to experience that themselves so get a divorce

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10
Q

Why was changes in the position of women a reason for divorce?

A

Women no longer have to be financially dependent on their husbands as they could get jobs and make their own money. This meant that they can get a divorce as they can afford to live on their own

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11
Q

What are examples of changes in the position of women?

A

Narrowed the pay gap
Equal pay act
Sex discrimination act
Welfare benefits
Success in education

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12
Q

What do feminists say about the reason for divorce?

A

Women now have a dual burden or triple shift to deal with which causes conflict

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13
Q

What is the dual burden?

A

women having to do paid work and housework

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14
Q

What is the triple shift?

A

Women performing emotional work, paid work and housework

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15
Q

Who are the 3 feminist theorists for the reasons for more divorce?

A

Hochschild
Sigle- Rushton
Bernard

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16
Q

What did Hochschild find about feminist reasons for divorce?

A

Men were resistant to housework and felt more valued at work than at home which causes frustration

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17
Q

What did Sigle- Rushton find about feminist reasons for divorce?

A

Divorce is less likely when more traditional values were put in place of women staying at home and men going to work

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18
Q

What did Bernard find about feminist reasons for divorce?

A

Women are more confident rejecting patriarchal ideas within marriage so become dissatisfied with the marriage

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19
Q

Who are the theorists for modernity and individualisation?

A

Beck and Giddens

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20
Q

Why has modernity and individualisation become a reason for divorce?

A

There has been a shift in norms meaning that marriage is there for personal fulfillment and not to benefit society which normalises divorce

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21
Q

What are the 4 reasons for marriages increasing?

A

Secularisation
Decline in stigma to alternatives
Changes in the position of women
Fear of divorce

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22
Q

How has secularisation influenced people to not get married?

A

People are now free to choose what type of relationship they want as they don’t have to follow traditional values set by the church

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23
Q

How has a decline in stigma influenced people to not get married?

A

There are many other alternatives such as co-habitation, staying single or having children outside of marriage which is now acceptable

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24
Q

How has the changes in position of women influenced people to not get married?

A

Women are now financially independent so have the freedom not to marry as they can afford to look after themselves

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25
Q

Who’s study could support the changes in the position of women to influence them to not get married and how?

A

McRobbies as her comparisons of magazines show that in the 1970’s, there was a stress on the importance of family whereas in 1990 they emphasised the importance of a job

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26
Q

How has the fear of divorce influenced people to not get married?

A

Seeing other people going through a traumatic divorce puts people off getting married in the first place

27
Q

What is cohabitation?

A

When an unmarried couple in a sexual relationship are living together

28
Q

What are the 3 reasons for the increase in cohabitation?

A

Decline in stigma
Changes in the position of women
Secularisation

29
Q

Why has a decline in stigma caused an increase in cohabitation?

A

It is more accepted for couples to want to live together with no intention of getting married and pre-marital sex has also been accepted more

30
Q

Why has the changes in the position of women caused an increase in cohabitation?

A

There are more career opportunities meaning that women don’t require as much financial security

31
Q

How has secularisation caused an increase in cohabitation?

A

Young people with no religion were more likely to cohabit than religious people as it goes against the traditional religious values

32
Q

What are the 3 reasons for an increase in same sex couples?

A

Legal changes
Decline in stigma
Secularisation

33
Q

Who is the theorist for same sex couples?

A

Stonewall

34
Q

What is a same sex couple?

A

A couple of the same sex in a romantic and sexual relationship

35
Q

When were homosexuals decriminalised?

A

1967

36
Q

When were same sex couples legally allowed to marry?

A

2014

37
Q

What act allowed same sex couples to have the same rights as heterosexual couples?

A

Civil Partnerships Act

38
Q

What year did the Civil Partnerships Act come into effect?

A

2004

39
Q

What did the Civil Partnerships Act allow?

A

The same legal rights to do with pensions, inheritance and property

40
Q

Why has secularisation allowed more same sex relationships?

A

It is no longer seen as a sin to be homosexual as people are less religious

41
Q

What are the 3 reasons for more one person households?

A

Divorce patterns
Marriage patterns
Creative single hood

42
Q

Why have marriage patterns led to one person households?

A

Many people are remaining single or marrying later so live alone

43
Q

Who is the theorist for creative single hood being a reason for one person households?

A

Stein

44
Q

What is a creative single hood?

A

Deliberately wanting to live alone

45
Q

What is living apart together?

A

Couples who decide to live separately

46
Q

What are the 3 reasons for an increase in living apart together?

A

Decline in stigma
Changing position of women
Limited finances

47
Q

Why does a decline in stigma mean more people living apart together?

A

Its more socially acceptable for couples to not live together and people believe you don’t need to live together to have a strong relationship

48
Q

How does the change in position of women mean more people living apart together?

A

Women are now financially independent so can afford to live alone

49
Q

Why does limited finances mean more people living apart together?

A

Couples may not have the money to live together

50
Q

What are the 2 reasons for women having less children?

A

Decline in stigma
Changes in the position of women

51
Q

What are the 2 reasons for more lone parent families?

A

Changes in the position of women
Increase in divorce

52
Q

Why are more lone parent families female headed?

A

Courts
Impact of feminism

53
Q

How has the welfare state contributed to more lone parent families?

A

Murray- the welfare state is overgenerous so people can afford to look after a child on their own

54
Q

What is a reconstituted family?

A

When lone parents form new partnerships together

55
Q

What are 2 reasons for the increase in reconstituted families?

A

Divorce
Courts

56
Q

What kind of families are most found in black families?

A

Lone parent families

57
Q

What are the 2 reasons for lone parent families in lone parent families?

A

Family disorganisation
High rates of unemployment

58
Q

What is family disorganisation within black families?

A

When slavery was around, families would be split up when they were being sold

59
Q

Why do high rates of unemployment mean an increase in lone parent families among black families?

A

Black men are unable to provide for their families meaning there is more of a chance of marital breakdown

60
Q

What kind of families are found within asian families?

A

Extended families

61
Q

What are the 2 reasons for more extended families among asians?

A

The younger age profile of British asians
Socialisation

62
Q

Why do younger asians mean more extended families?

A

More of them are of a childbearing age as they are younger

63
Q

Why does socialisation mean more extended families in asian households?

A

They are socialised into a value placed on the extended family through culture and looking after elders

64
Q

What theory believes that the nuclear family is under threat?

A

New Right

Sociology paper 2- families and beliefs (12 decks)

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