Family Descriptions Flashcards
Shrubs and small trees, some members are mycotrophic; leaves typically alternate (spiral) and exstipulate, evergreen, coriaceous; flowers actinomorphic; calyx of typically 5 sepals; corolla of typically 5 fused petals; stamens usually 5+5, anthers inverted and opening by terminal pores; carpels usually 5 (syncarpous), ovary usually superior, ovules 1- many per carpel; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, or drupe
ERICACEAE
Herbs, shrubs, and trees with square stems, aromatic; leaves typically opposite, usually simple; flowers zygomorphic (bilabiate, 2- lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip), often in a verticillaster; calyx of 5 fused sepals; corolla of 5 fused petals; stamens 2 or 4, epipetalous; carpels 2, ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed (gynoblastic), ovules 2 per carpel; fruit a schizocarp of 4 nutlets, a drupe, or a berry
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Iris sp. • Sisyrinchium sp. • Crocus sp.
IRIDACEAE
Aquatic perennial herbs with round, solid stems; leaves linear, mostly basal, alternate (distichous), sheathing; inflorescence a dense, cylindrical spike; flowers small, unisexual (monoecious), actinomorphic; perianth of 0-3 bristle-like tepals in male flowers, many bristle or scale-like tepals in female flowers; stamens 3; carpel 1; ovary superior, ovule 1 per carpel; fruit achenelike
Typhaceae
Platanus (sycamore)
PLATANACEAE
Cornus (dogwood)
CORNACEAE
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) • Antennaria neglecta (field pussytoes) • Aster cordiformis (blue wood aster) • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) • Cichorium intybus (chicory) • Circium vulgare (common thistle) • Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia fleabane) • Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset) • Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed susan) • Senecio aureus (golden ragwort) • S. obovatus (squaw-weed) • Solidago juncea (early goldenrod) • Taraxacum officinale (common dandelion) • Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot)
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Perennial trees, shrubs or herbs, often spiny; leaves alternate (spiral) or rarely opposite, simple or compound (pinnate or ternate); flowers actinomorphic; perianth 6-7-seriate with 3 parts per whorl, the outer 2 whorls sepaloid, the inner 4-5 petaloid, innermost 2- 3 nectiferous; stamens 6, anthers typically valvular; carpel 1, ovary superior, ovules many per ovary; fruit typically a berry
BERBERIDACEAE
Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate (spiral) to subopposite, usually lobed to divided or dissected, exstipu- late; flowers actinomorphic, zygomorphic, or biradial; calyx of 2 or 3 caducous sepals; corolla of 2+2 or 3+3 petals, the outer petals sometimes with a spur or sac; stamens numerous; carpels 2-many (syncarpous) ovary superior, ovules 1-many per carpel; fruit usually a capsule
PAPAVERACEAE
Commelina communis (Asiatic day-flower) • Tradescantia virginiana (spiderwort)
COMMELINACEAE
Coarse, tendril-bearing vines; leaves alternate (spiral), extipulate, simple and often palmately lobed; flowers actinomorphic, typically imperfect (monoecious or dioecious), hypanthium present; calyx of typically 5 sepals; corolla of typically 5 petals; stamens 3- 5; carpels usually 3 (syncarpous), ovary inferior, ovules usually many per ovary; fruit a berry, pepo, capsule, or samara
CUCURBITACEAE
Alliaria officinalis (garlic mustard) • Barbarea vulgaris (winter cress) • Brassica napus (turnip) • Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd’s purse) • Cardamine douglasii (purple cress) • C. pensylvanica (Pennsylvania bittercress) • Dentaria diphylla (two-leaved toothwort) • D. laciniata (cutleaf toothwort)
Brassicaceae
Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves typically alternate (spiral) or opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate; inflorescences of involucrate heads (capitula) of 1-many florets on a common receptacle surrounded by phyllaries; flowers actinomorphic or zygo- morphic, perfect or imperfect; calyx absent or represented by pappus of 2-many awns, scales, or bristles; corolla of typically 5 fused petals of 3 structural types (bilabiate, discscales, or bristles; corolla of typically 5 fused petals of 3 structural types (bilabiate, disc,ray or ligulate); stamens usually 5 and syngenesious (anthers fused into a tube through which the style grows); carpels 2 (syncarpous), ovary inferior, ovule 1 per ovary; fruit an achene or cypsela (achene derived from an inferior ovary)
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Nymphaea sp. Nuphar sp.
NYMPHAEACEAE
Herbs, shrubs, tree, and vines, often with milky sap; leaves alternate (spiral), opposite or whorled, simple to variously compound; flowers typically actinomorphic, imperfect (monoecious or dioecious); cyathium present in some) calyx of 5 sepals (rarely absent); corolla of 5 petals (rarely absent); stamens 1- many; carpels usually 3 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovules 1 per carpel; fruit a schizocarp, drupe, berry, or samara
EUPHORBIACEAE
Herbs mainly, aromatic, often with hollow stem internodes; leaves alternate (spiral), typically pinnately or palmately compound, with sheathing bases; inflorescence usually a compound umbel; flowers actinomorphic; calyx of typically 5 sepals; corolla of typically 5 petals; stamens 5; carpels 2 (syncarpous), ovary inferior, ovules 1 per carpel; fruit a schizocarp of mericarps, supported by carpophores upon splitting
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Trees and shrubs; leaves usually opposite, exstipulate, veins often curved forward; inflorescence often with large petaloid bracts; flowers actinomorphic, usually perfect; calyx of typically 4 sepals; corolla of typically 4-5 petals; stamens usually 4-5; carpels 2-4 (syncarpous), ovary inferior, ovule 1 per carpel; fruit usually a drupe.
CORNACEAE
Perennial shrubs, vessel-less; leaves alternate, evergreen, simple, exstipulate; dioecious, flowers unisexual, actinomorphic; perianth of 5-8 undifferentiated parts, spiral; stamens many, laminar; carpels 5-6 (apocarpous), apically-open, ovaries superior, ovule 1 per carpel; fruit a drupecetum.
AMBORELLACEAE
Alnus serrulata (common alder) • Betula papyifera (paper birch) • Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam) • Corylus americana (American hazelnut) • Ostrya virginiana (Eastern hophornbeam)
BETULACEAE
Herbs, shrubs, and trees with square stems, aromatic; leaves typically opposite, usually simple; flowers zygomorphic (bilabiate, 2- lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip), often in a verticillaster; calyx of 5 fused sepals; corolla of 5 fused petals; stamens 2 or 4, epipetalous; carpels 2, ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed (gynoblastic), ovules 2 per carpel; fruit a schizocarp of 4 nutlets, a drupe, or a berry
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Aquatic herbs, often with a milky latex; leaves floating, long-petioled, peltate; flowers solitary, floating to emergent, actinomorphic; perianth parts numerous, spirally arranged; sepals usually 4-6; petals 8-many, grading into usually laminar stamens; carpels 3-many, (syncarpous), ovules many per carpel; fruit a berry.
NYMPHAEACEAE
Evergreen trees or shrubs having aromatic oil cells; leaves glabrous, spiral, pellucid- punctate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic, perianth parts (tepals) numerous, spirally arranged (outer sepal-like, inner petal-like); stamens few-numerous; carpels numerous (apocarpous), ovaries superior, ovules 1 per carpel; fruit a follicetum (aggregate of follicles).
ILLICIACEAE
Trees, shrubs and herbs with milky sap; leaves typically opposite or whorled, exstipulate; flowers usually actinomorphic; calyx of typically 5 fused sepals; corolla of 5 fused petals; stamens 5, pollen grouped in pollinia; carpels usually 2 (syncarpous), ovary usually superior, ovules many per carpel; fruit a berry, drupe, or follicle.
APOCYNACEAE
Podophyllum peltatum (May-apple) Jeffersonia diphylla (twin-leaf)
BERBERIDACEAE
Annual and perennial herbs, stems usually with swollen nodes; leaves usually opposite, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic, usually perfect; calyx typically of 5 sepals; corolla typically of 5 petals; stamens usually 5-10; carpels usually 2-5 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovules many per ovary, usually free- central placentation; fruit usually a many- seeded capsule opening by teeth or valves; seeds with an ornamented seed coat
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cercis canadensis (redbud) • Desmodium australis (sticktight) • Lathyrus japonicus • L. latifolius (everlasting pea) • Lespedeza capitata (bushclover) • Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweetclover) • Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) • Trifolium procumbens • T. repens (white clover)
FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)
Trees, shrubs and herbs with milky sap; leaves typically opposite or whorled, exstipulate; flowers usually actinomorphic; calyx of typically 5 fused sepals; corolla of 5 fused petals; stamens 5, pollen grouped in pollinia; carpels usually 2 (syncarpous), ovary usually superior, ovules many per carpel; fruit a berry, drupe, or follicle.
APOCYNACEAE
Herbs (ours), shrubs, small trees, and lianas; leaves alternate (spiral) or forming basal rosettes; flowers usually zygomorphic; calyx of 5 sepals; corolla of 5 petals, the anterior one often spurred; stamens usually 5; carpels usually 3 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovules 1-many per carpel; fruit a berry or loculicidal capsule, rarely a nut.
Violoaceae
Vines, shrubs, or small trees, often with milky sap; leaves alternate (spiral), exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; calyx of typically 5 sepals; corolla of typically 5 fused petals; stamens usually 5, epipetalous; carpels usually 2 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovules usually 2 per carpel; fruit usually a 4-valved capsule, berry, drupe, or nut
CONVOLVULACEAE
Juncus
JUNCACEAE
Trees, shrubs, and herbs; leaves usually opposite (decussate); flowers actinomorphic; calyx typically of 4-5 fused sepals; corolla of typically 4-5 fused petals, often hairy inside the throat; stamens usually 4-5, epipetalous; carpels usually 2 (syncarpous), ovary usually inferior, ovules 1-many per carpel; fruit a berry, loculicidal or septicidal capsule, drupe, or schizocarp
RUBIACEAE
Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree, yellow poplar) Magnolia sp. (magnolia)
MAGNOLIACEAE
Perennial herbs, succulent stems often with swollen nodes; leaves alternate (spiral), with closed basal sheath; flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; calyx of 3 sepals; corolla of 3 petals; stamens 6, or 3 with 3 staminodes, filaments often hairy; carpels 3 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovules 1-many per carpel; fruit typically a loculicidal capsule
COMMELINACEAE
Anemone virginiana (thimbleweed). • Anemonella thalictroides (rue anemone) • Aquilegia canadensis (wild columbine) • Delphinium tricorne (larkspur) • Hepatica acutiloba (sharp-lobed hepatica) • Ranunculus bulbosus (bulbous buttercup) • R. recurvatus (hooked crowfoot)
RANUNCULACEAE
Herbs and shrubs; leaves alternate (spiral), opposite, or whorled, simple (undivided to pinnatifid; flowers actinomorphic, hypanthium present; calyx of typically 4 sepals; corolla of typically 4 petals; stamens usually 4+4; carpels usually 4 (syncarpous), ovary inferior, ovules usually many per carpel; fruit a capsule, berry, or nut
ONAGRACEAE
Trees or shrubs, aromatic oil glands; leaves evergreen, usually alternate; flowers actinomorphic, usually perfect; perianth of 6 tepals; stamens 12 in 4 whorls of 3, anthers with valvate dehiscence; carpel 1, ovary superior, ovule 1 per carpel; fruit a berry or drupe.
LAURACEAE
Cucurbita spp. • Cucumis spp Sysios
CUCURBITACEAE
Echium vulgare (viper’s bugloss) • Mertensia virginica (Virginia bluebell)
BORAGINACEAE
Trees, shrubs, and woody vines; leaves usually alternate (spiral), simple, trifoliate, or pinnately compound; flowers actinomorphic, perfect or imperfect (dioecious, polygamous, or polygamodioecious); calyx of typically 5 sepals; corolla of typically 5 petals; stamens usually 5-10; carpels usually 1-3 (usually syncarpous), ovary usually superior, ovules usually 1 per carpel; fruit a drupe with typically resinous mesocarp.
ANACARDIACEAE
Linaria vulgaris (butter-and-eggs) • Penstemon digitalis (foxglove beardtongue) • Scrophularia spp. • Verbascum blattaria (moth mullein) • V. thapsus (great mullein)
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Carex sp. (sedge) • Cyperus lancastriensis (sedge) • Scirpus atrovirens (bulrush)
CYPERACEAE
Apocunum Asclepias
APOCYNACEAE
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) • Antennaria neglecta (field pussytoes) • Aster cordiformis (blue wood aster) • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) • Cichorium intybus (chicory) • Circium vulgare (common thistle) • Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia fleabane) • Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset) • Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed susan) • Senecio aureus (golden ragwort) • S. obovatus (squaw-weed) • Solidago juncea (early goldenrod) • Taraxacum officinale (common dandelion) • Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot)
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Annual and perennial herbs, vines, shrubs and rarely trees; leaves alternate (spiral) or opposite; flowers actinomorphic, perfect or imperfect (dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous); perianth of typically 3-5 sepals, scarious; stamens usually 3-5; carpels usually 1-3 (syncarpous), ovary superior, ovule typically 1 per carpel; fruit a nutlet, berry, capsule, or rarely a circumscissle capsule.
AMARANTHACEAE
Linaria vulgaris (butter-and-eggs) • Penstemon digitalis (foxglove beardtongue) • Scrophularia spp. • Verbascum blattaria (moth mullein) • V. thapsus (great mullein)
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Erythronium americanum (trout lily) • Muscari botryoides (grape hyacinth) • Polygonatum biflorum (common Solomon’s seal) • Smilacina racemosa (false Solomon’s seal) • Trillium erectum (ill-scented trillium) • T. grandiflorum (large-flowered trillium) • Uvularia perfoliata (mealy bellwort)
LILIACEAE
Solanum Datura
SOLANACEAE