Family: Demographic Changes

Question 1

What is meant by birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of live births per 1000 per year.

Question 2

In what year is the all time low for fertility rate in the UK?

Answer 2

2001: 1.63

Question 3

What are the (5) reasons for the decline in birth rate?

Answer 3

• Equality in women’s position
• Increased educational opportunities (girls now do better than boys)
• Change of the role of women in the family
• Access to divorce
• Access to abortion and contraception

Question 4

Give a case study for reasons for the decline in birth rate?

Answer 4

Sarah Harper 2012
Education is the most important reason for change in birth rate, changing the mindset of women results in fewer children being born as they delay child bearing or put off altogether. In 2012: 5/100 women aged 45 were childless. Whereas in 1987 2.5/100 aged 45 were childless

Question 5

What is meant by death rate?

Answer 5

The number of death per 1000 a year

Question 6

What was the UK death rate in 2015?

Answer 6

9.3

Question 7

What was the UK death rate in 1900?

Answer 7

19

Question 8

What are the (4) reasons for the decline in death rate?

Answer 8

• Improved nutrition
• Medical improvements after the 1950s like: immunisations, blood transfusion, antibiotics
• Smoking and diet, costly medicine maintains the “American health Culture”. There has been a decline in smokers
• Public health measures for example - -improvements in housing and purée drinking water

Question 9

Suggest a case study for improved nutritions (reason for decline in death rate)?

Answer 9

Thomas Mekeown 1972

He argued that improved nutrition accounted for for 1/2 death rate decline. Nutrition helped resist infection

Question 10

Suggest a case study for death rate?

Answer 10

Trainter 1996
Over 3/4 of the decline in death rate is due to the lack of infectious diseases like smallpox and typhoid. “Diseases of influence” replaces infectious ones like Cancer which affected the middle class not the young people. Population began to develop a natural resistance

Question 11

What is meant by life expectancy?

Answer 11

It refers to how long on average a person born in a year can be expected to live

Question 12

What was the life expectancy for men in 1900?

Answer 12

50 years

Question 13

What was the life expectancy for women in 1900?

Answer 13

57 years

Question 14

What was the life expectancy for women in 2013?

Answer 14

94 years

Question 15

What was the life expectancy of men in 2013?

Answer 15

90.7 years

Question 16

What are the three things that determine life expectancy?

Answer 16

Class
Gender
Regional differences

Question 17

How does gender affect life expectancy?

Answer 17

Women life longer - however the gap is decreasing

Question 18

How does class affect life expectancy?

Answer 18

Working class men on unskilled jobs are 3 times more likely to die before the age of 65

Question 19

What is expected to be the average age of the UK population in 2037?

Answer 19

42.8 years

Question 20

What was the average age of the UK in 1971?

Answer 20

34.1 years

Question 21

What are the (4) things that effect an ageing population?

Answer 21

• Public services: older people consume more public services (health and social care) especially the “old-old” over 75s
• One pensioner households have increased; they now account for 12.5% or 1/8 of households. This is the number of pensioners living alone
• Ageism: the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age
• The dependency ratio: As the number of retired people rises the dependency ratio and the burden on the working age for every one pensioner.

Question 22

What was the dependency ratio in 2015?

Answer 22

3.2 people per pensioner

Question 23

What is the expected dependency ratio in 2033?

Answer 23

2.8

Question 24

What is happening to family size?

Answer 24

Family size is decreasing meaning that women are more likely to long term careers

Question 25

What was the average size of the UK household in 2015?

Answer 25

2.6

Question 26

What are the (4) reasons for a declining family size?

Answer 26

• Consumerism: products have made children expensive
• They are an economic liability ( laws and cultural norms) mean that children are no longer young earners (economic assets)
• Women want to prolong their education and career
• Improvement in contraception

Question 27

What is meant by migration?

Answer 27

A factor affecting the size and age of the population, it refers to movement from place to place

Question 28

What is meant by immigration?

Answer 28

Movement into a society

Question 29

What is meant by emigration?

Answer 29

Movement out of a society

Question 30

What is meant by net migration?

Answer 30

The difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Question 31

What is the impact of migration on the UK population size?

Answer 31

Net migration: 260,000 (2014)

Births to non-UK mothers accounts for 25% of births

Question 32

What is the impact of migration on the UK age structure?

Answer 32

Older people make up the majority of the population

Question 33

Between 1900 and 1939 what were the trends in immigration?

Answer 33

Largest group of immigrants were Irish (economic reasons)
Eastern and Central European Jews fled prosecution
Few immigrants were non-white

Question 34

What were the trends in immigration during the 1950s?

Answer 34

Black Caribbean’s began arriving

Question 35

What was the percentage of immigrants in 2011?

Answer 35

14%