Family: Demographic Changes Flashcards
What is meant by birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 per year.
In what year is the all time low for fertility rate in the UK?
2001: 1.63
What are the (5) reasons for the decline in birth rate?
- Equality in women’s position
- Increased educational opportunities (girls now do better than boys)
- Change of the role of women in the family
- Access to divorce
- Access to abortion and contraception
Give a case study for reasons for the decline in birth rate?
Sarah Harper 2012
Education is the most important reason for change in birth rate, changing the mindset of women results in fewer children being born as they delay child bearing or put off altogether. In 2012: 5/100 women aged 45 were childless. Whereas in 1987 2.5/100 aged 45 were childless
What is meant by death rate?
The number of death per 1000 a year
What was the UK death rate in 2015?
9.3
What was the UK death rate in 1900?
19
What are the (4) reasons for the decline in death rate?
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements after the 1950s like: immunisations, blood transfusion, antibiotics
- Smoking and diet, costly medicine maintains the “American health Culture”. There has been a decline in smokers
- Public health measures for example - -improvements in housing and purée drinking water
Suggest a case study for improved nutritions (reason for decline in death rate)?
Thomas Mekeown 1972
He argued that improved nutrition accounted for for 1/2 death rate decline. Nutrition helped resist infection
Suggest a case study for death rate?
Trainter 1996 Over 3/4 of the decline in death rate is due to the lack of infectious diseases like smallpox and typhoid. “Diseases of influence” replaces infectious ones like Cancer which affected the middle class not the young people. Population began to develop a natural resistance
What is meant by life expectancy?
It refers to how long on average a person born in a year can be expected to live
What was the life expectancy for men in 1900?
50 years
What was the life expectancy for women in 1900?
57 years
What was the life expectancy for women in 2013?
94 years
What was the life expectancy of men in 2013?
90.7 years
What are the three things that determine life expectancy?
Class
Gender
Regional differences
How does gender affect life expectancy?
Women life longer - however the gap is decreasing
How does class affect life expectancy?
Working class men on unskilled jobs are 3 times more likely to die before the age of 65
What is expected to be the average age of the UK population in 2037?
42.8 years
What was the average age of the UK in 1971?
34.1 years
What are the (4) things that effect an ageing population?
- Public services: older people consume more public services (health and social care) especially the “old-old” over 75s
- One pensioner households have increased; they now account for 12.5% or 1/8 of households. This is the number of pensioners living alone
- Ageism: the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age
- The dependency ratio: As the number of retired people rises the dependency ratio and the burden on the working age for every one pensioner.
What was the dependency ratio in 2015?
3.2 people per pensioner
What is the expected dependency ratio in 2033?
2.8
What is happening to family size?
Family size is decreasing meaning that women are more likely to long term careers
What was the average size of the UK household in 2015?
2.6
What are the (4) reasons for a declining family size?
- Consumerism: products have made children expensive
- They are an economic liability ( laws and cultural norms) mean that children are no longer young earners (economic assets)
- Women want to prolong their education and career
- Improvement in contraception
What is meant by migration?
A factor affecting the size and age of the population, it refers to movement from place to place
What is meant by immigration?
Movement into a society
What is meant by emigration?
Movement out of a society
What is meant by net migration?
The difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants
What is the impact of migration on the UK population size?
Net migration: 260,000 (2014)
Births to non-UK mothers accounts for 25% of births
What is the impact of migration on the UK age structure?
Older people make up the majority of the population
Between 1900 and 1939 what were the trends in immigration?
Largest group of immigrants were Irish (economic reasons)
Eastern and Central European Jews fled prosecution
Few immigrants were non-white
What were the trends in immigration during the 1950s?
Black Caribbean’s began arriving
What was the percentage of immigrants in 2011?
14%
